May Be'ati (exclosure)

May Be’ati is an exclosure located in the Dogu'a Tembien woreda of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. The area has been protected since 1968 by the local community.[1]

Recently closed part of the exclosure

May Be’ati exclosure
May Be’ati exclosure
Map showing the location of May Be’ati exclosure
Map showing the location of May Be’ati exclosure
LocationAyninbirkekin municipality, in Dogu’a Tembien district, Ethiopia
Nearest cityHagere Selam
Coordinates13.647°N 39.213°E / 13.647; 39.213
Area46 ha (110 acres)
Established1968
Websitehttps://ethiotrees.com

Timeline[1]
  • 1968: established as exclosure by the community
  • 2017: support by the EthioTrees project
The exclosure is adjacent to a church forest (see the larger trees, which are a source of seeds).

Environmental characteristics[1]
  • Area: 46 ha
  • Average slope gradient: 53%
  • Aspect: the exclosure is oriented towards the south
  • Minimum altitude: 2268 metres
  • Maximum altitude: 2428 metres
  • Lithology: Antalo Limestone, partly covered by non-calcareous sediments[2]

Management

As a general rule, cattle ranging and wood harvesting are not allowed. The grasses are harvested once yearly and taken to the homesteads of the village to feed livestock. Physical soil and water conservation has been implemented to enhance infiltration, and vegetation growth. There are four guards to protect the exclosure. Field observations showed that however some illegal grazing occurred in the exclosure in 2018.[1]

Benefits for the community

Setting aside such areas fits with the long-term vision of the communities were hiza’iti lands are set aside for use by the future generations. It has also direct benefits for the community:[3]

  • improved infiltration was demonstrated in this exclosure [4]
  • improved ground water availability
  • honey production
  • climate ameliorator (temperature, moisture)
  • the sequestered carbon (in total 73 tonnes per ha, dominantly sequestered in the soil, and additionally in the woody vegetation)[1] is certified using the Plan Vivo voluntary carbon standard,[5] after which carbon credits are sold
  • the revenues are then reinvested in the villages, according to the priorities of the communities; it may be for an additional class in the village school, a water pond, or conservation in the exclosures.[6]

Water conservation

In the May Be'ati exclosure, more than 1000 precise measurements were done in 2003 and 2004, using 15 runoff plots, where the volume of runoff was measured daily. The rock type (Antalo Limestone), slope gradient and slope aspect were the same, the only difference was the land management and vegetation density. Whereas in degraded rangeland, 35% of the rainfall flows directly away to the river (runoff coefficient), this happens only for 13.4% of the rain in a recent exclosure and 1.7% in an old exclosure. For sake of comparison, the adjacent May Be'ati church forest has a runoff coefficient of only 0.1%.[7] The soils of this exclosure can hold 330 litres of water per m3, in contrast to 250 litres in the adjacent rangeland, and 480 litres per m³ in the nearby May Be'ati church forest.[2]

Spate irrigation experiment in the exclosure

The effectiveness of exclosures may be enhanced by supplementing additional water to the short and erratic rain. The effects of such spate irrigation on species diversity, stocking and ring width growth of trees was evaluated in this exclosure in 2005. The runoff diversion from the gully channel towards the regenerating forest was done with trenches dug at different locations to enhance an even runoff water distribution over the exclosure. The volume of irrigation water (from surface runoff) applied is of the same order of magnitude as the direct rainfall on the site. Trees in the irrigated exclosure have greater species diversity and show better growth. Particularly during the peak rainy season when there is excess water that cannot be used for crop irrigation, spate irrigation towards woody vegetation can be an important buffer for peak runoff discharges and if largely applied, it can reduce floods in the downstream areas.[8]

Improved ecosystem

With vegetation growth, biodiversity in this exclosure hast strongly improved: there is more varied vegetation and wildlife.

Trees

The main tree species found in the exclosure are:[9]

Wildlife

A large variety of mammals have been observed in this exclosure,[12] with scientific (italics), English and Tigrinya language names.[13] - Crocuta crocuta, spotted hyena, ዝብኢ (zibi) - Caracal caracal, caracal, ጭክ ኣንበሳ (ch’ok anbessa) - Xerus rutilus, unstriped ground squirrel, ምጹጽላይ or ጨጨራ (mitsutsilay, chechera) - Canis mesomelas, black-backed jackal, ቡኳርያ (bukharya) - Canis anthus, golden jackal, ቡኳርያ (bukharya) - Procavia capensis, rock hyrax, ጊሐ (gihè) - Felis silvestris, African wildcat, ሓክሊ ድሙ (hakili dummu) - Civettictis civetta, African civet, ዝባድ (zibad) - Ichneumia albicauda, white-tailed mongoose, ፂሒራ (tsihira) - Herpestes ichneumon, large grey mongoose, ፂሒራ (tsihira) - Hystrix cristata, crested porcupine, ቅንፈዝ (qinfiz) - Genetta genetta, common genet, ስልሕልሖት (silihlihot) - Lepus capensis, cape hare, ማንቲለ (mantile) - Mellivora capensis, honey badger, ትትጊ (titigi).

Soils

In the oldest parts of this exclosure, humus profiles are best developed. The old exclosures are also characterised by a variety of humus forms, caused by the variation in shrub and tree density and species composition.[14]

Main soil types in the older part of the exclosure are:[9]

  • Humi-calcaric Cambisols, with darker upper horizons, rich in organic matter, and deeper-lying light brown calcaric horizons similar to soils in adjacent degraded rangeland
  • Phaeozems, formed in sediment that has been trapped by the vegetation of the exclosure

References
  1. De Deyn, Jonathan (2019). Benefits of reforestation on Carbon storage and water infiltration in the context of climate mitigation in North Ethiopia. Master thesis, Ghent University.
  2. Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2011). "Two rapid appraisals of FAO-56 crop coefficients for semiarid natural vegetationof the northern Ethiopian highlands". Journal of Arid Environments. 75 (4): 353–359. Bibcode:2011JArEn..75..353D. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.12.002.
  3. Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Exclosures as Primary Option for Reforestation in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  4. Descheemaeker, Katrien; Poesen, Jean; Borselli, Lorenzo; Nyssen, Jan; Raes, Dirk; Haile, Mitiku; Muys, Bart; Deckers, Jozef (30 September 2008). "Runoff curve numbers for steep hillslopes with natural vegetation in semi-arid tropical highlands, northern Ethiopia". Hydrological Processes. 22 (20): 4097–4105. Bibcode:2008HyPr...22.4097D. doi:10.1002/hyp.7011. S2CID 129109026.
  5. EthioTrees on Plan Vivo website
  6. Reubens, B. and colleagues (2019). Research-based development projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  7. Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). "Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. Bibcode:2006JHyd..331..219D. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.
  8. Walraevens, K. and colleagues (2019). Hydrological context of water scarcity and storage on the mountain ridges in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  9. Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). "Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in theTigray highlands, Ethiopia". Geoderma. 132 (3–4): 291–314. Bibcode:2006Geode.132..291D. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027.
  10. Useful Tropical Plants: Vachellia etbaica http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Vachellia+etbaica&redir=Acacia+etbaica
  11. African Plant Database Becium grandiflorum (Lam.) Pic. Serm. http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=174890
  12. Mastewal Yami, and colleagues (2007). "Impact of Area Enclosures on Density and Diversity of Large Wild Mammals: The Case of May Ba'ati, Douga Tembien Woreda, Central Tigray, Ethiopia". East African Journal of Sciences. 1: 1–14.
  13. Aerts, Raf (2019). Forest and woodland vegetation in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  14. Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2009). "Humus Form Development during Forest Restoration in Exclosures of the Tigray Highlands, Northern Ethiopia". Restoration Ecology. 17 (2): 280–289. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00346.x. S2CID 84941592.
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