White-shouldered black tit

White-shouldered black tit
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Paridae
Genus:	Melaniparus
Species:	M. guineensis
Binomial name
	Melaniparus guineensis; (Shelley, 1900)
Synonyms
	Parus guineensis

The white-shouldered black tit (Melaniparus guineensis), also known as the pale-eyed black tit, is a passerine bird in the tit family. It breeds in a belt across Africa from Senegal in the west to Kenya and Ethiopia in the east. It is sometimes considered conspecific with the more southerly white-winged black tit Melaniparus leucomelas and, like that species, it is mainly black with a white wing patch, but differs in that it has a pale eye.

It is a resident in coniferous woodlands throughout its range, and nests in tree crevice. 4-6 reddish-brown blotched pinkish-white eggs are laid.

The white-shouldered black tit was formerly one of the many species in the genus Parus but was moved to Melaniparus after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 showed that birds in the new genus formed a distinct clade.[2][3]

References

BirdLife International. 2017. Melaniparus guineensis (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22711820A118697851. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22711820A118697851.en. Downloaded on 16 September 2021.
Johansson, U.S.; Ekman, J.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Halvarsson, P.; Ohlson, J.I.; Price, T.D.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2013). "A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 852–860. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.019. PMID 23831453.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Waxwings and their allies, tits & penduline tits". World Bird List Version 6.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 February 2016.

Harrap and Quinn, Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers ISBN 0-7136-3964-4

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[1] BirdLife International. 2017. Melaniparus guineensis (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22711820A118697851. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22711820A118697851.en. Downloaded on 16 September 2021.

[2] Johansson, U.S.; Ekman, J.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Halvarsson, P.; Ohlson, J.I.; Price, T.D.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2013). "A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 852–860. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.019. PMID 23831453.

[ioc-3] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Waxwings and their allies, tits & penduline tits". World Bird List Version 6.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 February 2016.