Middle American Research Institute

The Department of Middle American research started at Tulane in 1924 with William E. Gates as its director. Samuel Zemurray, president of the Cuyamel Fruit Company, generously donated $300,000 to “support the new Department of Middle American Research in the university, and supply money for an archaeological expedition.”[1] Additionally, Zemurray bought Gates’ private library of original sources on the prehistory of Mexico and linguistics of the Maya area. At its beginning, the department was housed in a part of Dinwiddie Hall with a library containing 2,500 pieces, mostly from Gate's private collection.[2] These texts would one day become the core of Tulane's Latin American Library. In 1925, Gates hired field archaeologist Frans Blom to lead the Department's first expedition into the Mexican hinterland. The report of the First Tulane Expedition, Tribes and Temples,[3] became the Department's first publication. More staff hires included Ralph Roys, and Oliver La Farge.

Following disputes between members of the Department of Middle American Research and the president of Tulane, Frans Blom took over in the position of Director of the Department. In this position, Blom decided to promote “archaeology as the major function of the department.”[4]

During Blom's time as director, he led multiple extensive expeditions to Latin America. In his own words, Blom describes the first expedition: “We discovered twenty-four ruined cities hitherto unrecorded by scientists… To sum up the matter in a few words, the work that we have begun in Central America will put Tulane University on the map as having the greatest department in the country on Maya Indian study.”[5] Throughout his time with the Department, Blom participated in four major expeditions covering areas and topics including Guatemalan ancestral ritual calendars, investigations of Mayan ritual cycles at Jacaltenango, and a long trek from the southern coast of Chiapas to Chichen Itza on the Yucatán. Tulane's location in New Orleans (a major port city servicing Latin America) meant that the Department was often frequented by researchers on their way into the field.

The Department of Middle American Research became known internationally when reproductions of architecture from the Nunnery Quadrangle at Uxmal, discovered during the Institute's expeditions, were displayed at the World's Fair of 1933.[6] These early expeditions account for most of the Institute's current anthropological collections.

In 1938 the Department of Middle American Research was renamed the Middle American Research Institute. Blom's career at the Institute lasted until he was asked to resign for health reasons in November 1941.

Robert Wauchope taught archaeology at the University of Georgia and then directed the Laboratory of Anthropology and Archaeology at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Following World War II, Wauchope came to the Middle American Research Institute to pursue his research at Zacualpa in the Guatemalan highlands. During Wauchope's time as director, the Institute became increasingly integrated with Tulane. Researchers took roles as professors, and projects spanned multiple departments within the university. Wauchope was praised for his “revitalization of the Middle American Research Institute in less than a decade.”[7]

In 1954, he became President of the Society for American Anthropology, and in 1957 Wauchope was named the general editor for the Handbook of Middle American Indians.[8] The Handbook became the “most ambitious single project of scholarly editing ever undertaken at Tulane.”[9] The project was funded by the National Science Foundation, and strived to create an encyclopedia of all current knowledge of North and South American Indians. Wauchope was responsible for organizing the content of more than three hundred authorities who submitted articles. This work was done with the help of Margaret Harrison, an editor of the handbook. The University of Texas Press published the handbook between 1957 and 1974.

During the 1960s the Middle American Research Institute began, once again, to focus more heavily on anthropology as opposed to multi-disciplinary research.

After over three decades as the Middle American Research Institute's Director, Wauchope retired, passing on the responsibility to the son of an old friend and coworker, E. Wyllys Andrews V.

Andrews began his time with the Middle American Research Institute as the director of the Program of Research on the Yucatán Peninsula from 1972-1974. He soon followed in the footsteps of his father, archaeologist E. Wyllys Andrews IV, who worked with M.A.R.I. at the site of Dzibilchaltun in Yucatán, Mexico until 1971.[10] Andrews took over as Director of the Middle American Research Institute in 1975.

Andrew's main goal was to publish the archaeological research of the Institute from the archaeological program in Yucatán from the 1950s through the 1970s. Such publications include Excavations at Dzibilchaltun, Yucatán, Mexico[11] and Prehistoric Maya Settlement Patterns at Becan, Campeche, Mexico.[12] This continued focus on publication and field research lead to a tripling of the number of graduate students working in Maya archaeology.

In the late 1970s Andrews gathered grants to begin research on Maya farming settlements around Komchen, Mexico. Work at Komchen revealed trade networks spanning into the highlands of Guatemala.

The Copan Acropolis Archaeological Project was directed by Andrews from 1990 to 1994 following the director Robert J. Sharer of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. Work focused on variation in material culture and behavior within the Late Classic royal residence. This was achieved through ceramic and obsidian artifact analysis, study of sculpture, and investigations of El Cementerio

Marcello Canuto is the current director of Tulane University's Middle American Research Institute. His field work focuses on the areas of La Corona in Guatemala and the El Paraíso valley in Honduras, where he studies the socio-political organization of the prehispanic Maya.[13]

During his time as director the Institute's home, Dinwiddie Hall, was renovated. This renovation allowed the Institute the opportunity to build a larger modern exhibit gallery, as well as digitized storage systems for archives and collections. The Middle American Research Institute is also working on community outreach through the continuation of the Tulane Maya Symposium as well as school group visits, and updated exhibits.