Migration from Latin America to Europe

Latin American migration to Europe is the diaspora of Latin Americans to the continent of Europe, dating back to the first decades of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas.[1] Latin Americans in Europe are now a rapidly growing group consisting of immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. It may also include individuals from certain French-speaking territories depending on the definition of Latin America used.

A large majority of Latin Americans in Europe reside in Spain or have been naturalized as Spanish citizens. The main reasons of their migration to Spain are the common language, family ties and cultural proximity to Spain. Portugal and Italy also have a sizable Latin American community; in the case of Italy, many of the immigrants are descendants of the Italian diaspora in Latin America.

Spain

Spain is the second destination of choice after the United States for Latin American migrants and the vast majority of Latin Americans in Europe are residents or nationals of this country.[2][3]

After several years of decline since a peak in 2010, the population of Spain born in Latin America has grown again since 2016. In 2019, 3,114,076 Spanish people born in South, Central America or the Caribbean (excluding Puerto Rico) had been legally residing in Spain for the last 12 months, compared to 2,340,247 in 2016 and 2,459,098 in 2010. A majority hold Spanish citizenship.[4][5]

Following the "Law of historic memory" Latin Americans with a Spanish parent (and their descendants) have automatic right to Spanish citizenship, even without residing in the country. This potentially applies to millions of Latin Americans. In addition, all Latin Americans from Spanish speaking countries (and Brazil) qualify for Spanish citizens after two years' residence, regardless of recent ancestry. This compares very favorably to the requirement of ten years' residence for immigrants from other countries.

As a result a significant and ever growing portion of Latin American immigrants have acquired Spanish citizenship due to naturalization laws and the falling number of Latin Americans residing in Spain is primarily due to them acquiring Spanish nationality and no longer being classed as immigrants. In the period between 2011 and 2013, over one million immigrants acquired Spanish citizenship and over 75% of these were Latin American.[6] As an example, by 2014 the majority of Spain's 408,944 Ecuadorian-born residents had already acquired Spanish citizenship and were no longer included national statistics tracking immigration.[7] As a result, Latin Americans with Spanish citizenship living in other European countries such as the UK, France or Germany benefiting from European freedom of movement and establishment for all EU citizens will be categorized as Spaniards when using nationality as a criterion to determine the country of origin (rather than country of birth) of a particular EU country's immigrant population.[8][9] Despite Spain's prolonged 2008-2015 economic crisis during which the country suffered years of massive unemployment and went from having the second highest immigration rate in the world to becoming a net-emigrant country, less than 30% of Spain's Latin American immigrants have left the country during this period.[10] As a result of the combined effect of nationalization and net emigration during the economic crisis, the Latin American resident population yet to acquire Spanish nationality fell steadily to around 900,000 in 2015.[11]

Country of birth Population (2020)[12] Corresponding article
 Ecuador 416,347 Ecuadorians in Spain
 Colombia 513,583 Colombians in Spain
 Argentina 292,775 Argentines in Spain
 Venezuela 395,747 Venezuelans in Spain
 Peru 244,681 Peruvians in Spain
 Dominican Republic 186,286 Dominicans in Spain
 Bolivia 178,680
 Cuba 151,327
 Brazil 156,302
 Paraguay 107,200 Paraguayans in Spain
 Honduras 133,044

Germany
Main article: Immigration to Germany
Distribution of Latin American population in Germany 2021

Latin American citizens registered in the German central register of foreigners. (only Western Germany until 1989)[13]

Country of birth Population (1970) Population (1980) Population (1990) Population (2000) Population (2010) Population (2020) Population (2022) Surplus of women in % (2022) Corresponding article
 Brazil 3,487 5,485 10,486 24,142 32,537 49,500 55,710 72.2 Brazilians in Germany
 Colombia 942 1,878 3,789 8,880 10,294 20,705 26,710 47.3
 Mexico 948 2,025 3,223 6,069 9,583 17,755 21,590 22.5 Mexicans in Germany
 Peru 1,056 2,007 4,009 8,231 8,644 10,960 12,435 78.2
 Venezuela 934 1,207 1,485 3,052 3,501 8,025 11,095 15.2
 Chile 1,824 5,458 6,440 6,495 6,079 9,335 10,505 -0.2
 Cuba 131 158 493 7,501 8,512 8,350 9,185 20.4
 Argentina 2,466 3,764 4,152 4,895 4,574 6,760 9,030 6.6
 Dominican Republic 51 197 862 4,803 6,060 6,460 6,580 76.5
 Ecuador 440 788 1,146 3,663 4,589 5,640 6,540 27.1
 Bolivia 774 1,263 1,522 1,729 1,720 2,060 2,410 37.4
 El Salvador 159 319 492 500 524 1,465 2,045 14.1
 Honduras 101 265 409 576 597 1,475 1,995 22.9
 Costa Rica 151 286 497 788 819 1,610 1,950 5.3
 Paraguay 263 400 603 854 1,122 1,570 1,780 115.0
 Nicaragua 109 191 358 636 541 1,140 1,490 0.7
 Guatemala 247 369 550 675 628 1,035 1,190 12.5
 Uruguay 405 657 800 758 558 800 900 16.9
 Haiti 251 242 280 422 548 635 705 23.8
 Panama 113 134 182 276 340 565 700 22.2
Total 14,852 27,093 41,778 84,945 101,770 155,845 184,545 41.6

Naturalizations from Latin American Countries to Germany

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Sum 2000-2022
Number of Naturalizations[14] 1,682 2,086 2,317 3,047 2,905 2,890 3,306 3,070 2,861 3,125 3,290 3,253 3,072 3,552 3,634 3,740 3,722 3,745 3,815 4,285 3,975 4,555 4,245 76,172

France

According to UN data, in 2019, the largest groups of Latin American migrants in France were from Brazil (63,208), Colombia (29,983), Chile (15,857), Argentina (14,253), Peru (12,862) and Venezuela (6,977).[15]

United Kingdom
Main article: Latin American migration to the United Kingdom

According to the 2001 UK Census, 62,735 Latin Americans in the United Kingdom were born in their respective nations of origin.[16] There were also a further 1,338 people who stated their birthplace as 'South or Central America' (note this would also include Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, which are not part of Latin America.).[16] In 2009, the Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of Brazilian-born people in the UK alone had risen to around 60,000 and the number of Colombian-born to around 22,000. Estimates for other Latin American countries were not made because the sample size did not allow for estimation of the size of smaller groups with sufficient degree of accuracy.[17]

Latin American-born people in the United Kingdom in 2001
Country of birth Population (2011 census)[18][19][20] Corresponding article
 Brazil 52,148 Brazilians in the United Kingdom
 Colombia[21] 25,761 Colombians in the United Kingdom
 Argentina 10,550
 Mexico 9,771 Mexicans in the United Kingdom
 Venezuela 9,150
 Ecuador 8,767 Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom
 Peru 7,246 Peruvians in the United Kingdom
 Chile 7,130 Chileans in the United Kingdom
 Bolivia 3,765 Bolivians in the United Kingdom
 Cuba 2,481
 Dominican Republic 1,377
 Uruguay 1,364

Norway

From 1977 to 2012, the number of non-Norwegian citizens living in Norway of European descent has increased from around 46,000 to around 280,000. In the same period the number of citizens of nations on other continents increased from about 25,000 to about 127,000, of which 112,230 belong to Asia, Africa and South America.[22] Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of origin

Rank Country of origin[23] Population (2001)[24] Population (2014)[25]
1.  Chile 6,491 7,904
2.  Brazil 824 4,017
3.  Colombia 604 3,841
4.  Peru 492 1,295
5.  Cuba 286 959
6.  Argentina 378 890
7.  Dominican Republic 276 844
8.  Ecuador 174 492
9.  Bolivia 134 308
11.  El Salvador 134 235
12.  Uruguay 167 234
13.  Guatemala 81 191
15.  Nicaragua 78 159
16.  Costa Rica 52 133
17.  Honduras 64 117

The Netherlands

Immigrants and Dutch-born to immigrant parents Iberian America

Country of origin[26] Population (1996)[27] Population (2000) Population (2005) Population (2010) Population (2015) Population (2019)
 Argentina 2,952 3,239 4,167 4,522 4,245 6,508
 Bolivia 408 547 744 954 1,170 1,415
 Brazil 6,589 8,913 12,289 17,022 22,041 30,104
 Chile 3,566 3,937 4,564 4,936 5,488 6,207
 Colombia 4,937 7,025 9,885 12,292 15,346 18,351
 Costa Rica 274 444 623 741 970 1,242
 Cuba 361 781 1,361 1,748 2,052 2,333
 Dominican Republic 5,321 7,341 9,843 11,600 13,651 15,206
 Ecuador 559 1,121 1,883 2,466 3,200 3,943
 El Salvador 304 350 453 544 626 752
 Guatemala 229 339 471 604 815 1,034
 Honduras 203 269 387 505 670 816
 Mexico 1,251 1,802 2,894 4,054 5,548 7,618
 Nicaragua 273 314 403 535 693 843
 Panama 244 278 353 393 470 561
 Paraguay 215 238 270 281 328 371
 Peru 1,849 2,418 3,662 4,925 6,100 7,324
 Puerto Rico 91 101 132 153 199 241
 Uruguay 805 886 997 1,069 1,135 1,234
 Venezuela 2,257 2,948 4,090 4,936 6,002 7,420

Other / Dutch Americas

Country of origin[26] Population (1996)[28] Population (2000) Population (2005) Population (2010) Population (2015) Population (2019)
 Aruba 274 592 1,204 2,250 4,130 5,610
 Curaçao [29] 203 982
 Caribbean Netherlands* [29][30] 15 64
 Netherlands Antilles* (dissolved) 86,550 106,605 129,334 136,170 144,565[31] 154,510[32]

French Latin America

Country of origin[26] Population (1996)[33] Population (2000) Population (2005) Population (2010) Population (2015) Population (2019)
 French Guiana 401 477 707 716 767 836
 Guadeloupe 194 219 306 301 327 397
 Haiti 223 331 540 619 703 865
 Martinique 85 94 105 106 121 123

Portugal
Main article: Demographics of Portugal

In 2008, Portugal's foreign population grew 1% from 435,736 in 2007 to 440,277. One in four immigrants is Brazilian,[34] and Portugal was a country for an increasing amount of Venezuelans. There are also other communities from Argentina, the latter can have Portuguese ancestry due to the historical ties between both nations.[35]

Country of birth Population (2011)[36] Population (2019)[37][38] Corresponding article
 Brazil 139,703 158,799 Brazilians in Portugal
 Venezuela 25,157 24,603 Portuguese Venezuelans

Switzerland

In 2013, there were a total of 1,937,447 permanent foreign residents (23.8% of the total population of 8.14 million) in Switzerland. Of these, 51,761 were from Latin America and the Caribbean.[39]

Italy

The list is not complete, as it does not include some Latin Americans that have gotten citizenship via jus sanguinis.

Rank Country of citizenship Population (2020)[40] Country of birth (2019)
1.  Peru 91,662 117,189
2.  Ecuador 72,644 85,272
3.  Brazil 51,790 115,970
4.  Dominican Republic 29,111 46,127
5.  Cuba 22,311 37,307
6.  Colombia 18,053 40,769
7.  El Salvador 16,270 14,682
8.  Bolivia 13,141 15,794
9.  Venezuela 10,316 53,007
10.  Argentina 9,117 71,880
11.  Mexico 4,567 9,441
12.  Chile 3,017 12,775
13.  Honduras 2,461 2,880
14.  Paraguay 1,750 2,862
15.  Uruguay 1,251 7,446
16.  Guatemala 837 2,299
17.  Nicaragua 700 1,311
18.  Costa Rica 476 1,619
19.  Panama 348 1,094
20.  Haiti 306 792

Sweden

As of 2021, there were 114,480 people in Sweden that were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had two parents that were born in Latin America. 34% of these were from Chile and 13% from Colombia. Meanwhile 171,845 had some Latin American origin, meaning they were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had at least one Latin American-born parent.[41]

Rank Country of origin Population (2021)
1. Chile Chile 39,404
2.  Colombia 15,065
3.  Brazil 12,456
4.  Peru 10,250
5.  Bolivia 6,158
6.  Argentina 4,922
7.  El Salvador 4,503
8.  Mexico 3,975
9.  Cuba 3,824
10.  Ecuador 3,324
Other 10,599
Total 114,480 (1.1%)[42]

Finland

As of 2021, 8,763 people in Finland had a Latin American background, up from 4,284 in 2011 and 614 in 1990. In 1990 the most common country of origin was Chile, accounting for 30% of Latin Americans. 2,814 of them live in Helsinki, where they make up 0.43% of the population. Brazil is the common country of origin, accounting for 26% of Latin Americans, followed by Mexicans (14%) and Colombians (9%). 594 children were adopted from Colombia between 1987 and 2021, making it the fourth most common country of origin for international adoptees in Finland, and accounted for 10.4% of all international adoptions. These are not counted as having Colombian background, however, and are instead counted with the background country of the adoptive parents, which is usually Finland.[43][44]

Rank Country of origin Population (2021)
1.  Brazil 2,315
2.  Mexico 1,184
3.  Colombia 826
4.  Peru 678
5. Chile Chile 668
Other 3,092
Total 8,763 (0.2%)[45]

Ireland


Rank Country of origin Population (2016)[46]
1.  Brazil 13,640

European Union (in general)
HORIZONTALLY: Country of Residence VERTICALLY: Country of Origin[47]BelgiumBulgariaCzech RepublicDenmarkGermanyEstoniaIrelandGreeceSpainFranceCroatiaItalyCyprusLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgHungaryMaltaNetherlands (2019)AustriaPoland [48]PortugalRomaniaSloveniaSlovakiaFinlandSwedenIcelandLiechtensteinNorwaySwitzerlandUnited Kingdom
Argentina203611836710811440013756663281115125192026513614018-213222116508136030313759442573290291930-928775510550
Bolivia10312292429382011082418788530583312891100-24342141543854195121212128405013-48727843765
Brazil10441915093012475905692982293101640567121958361511025-17954269430104455035813970312981469806381113-40992877952150
Chile4085211271455113807311380680751373012711129314-165118862071105942764228163672871270-644959667140
Colombia52702323629471763012330413379400266794632256697-2471581118351141313776742303185410929159-5138934025760
Costa Rica2565641461.4002243933906936126750-10227124215240421225523544-247778725
Cuba14962586874371111017196365110120463713263464251-9840642.333786261978555396343241638-81827482480
Dominican Republic212521411349.24013758511949033340331632510328171015206280938142171661112156627-66772881385
Ecuador518013109550748061038741238041781275288163-109987394359270440287221532.10127-61140998765
El Salvador41771977960254528650109309689130-20737527453740048272512-167568885
Guatemala77563622417606272316595295601856111085117103433386010136373528-413554975
Honduras19502111510101295230675575016728006113816868438223831828-85348640
Mexico199425442968130202588941044000126094069275418-200342976181452302371654362518210774-96048589770
Nicaragua2682919178920134166126456390971800101018431981026 :29866726-151383380
Panama158640707300331623765470139209001528456162381184312212344-40279715
Paraguay3970587439400548271905111412201442-271503711993971063131436-133966760
Peru3272212409891452014330301184840114668696675327-363159287324148597403723639406700670-125478787245
Uruguay44717412082900414211691715224614657373-69491123421110622175138022267-20614111370
Venezuela120626117616649074821062143670638556444693930-221136137420841832515734401312689733-78630869150
Total amount of Latin Americans by country of residence 41049709326513710170300175134827283226195516509385551285763317004005226922311328218146201517045164594246846877549174902363989868144.610

Total amount of Latin Americans residing in the European Union (as of 2011); ~3.843.026

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See also
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