European bullhead

The European bullhead[1][3] (Cottus gobio) is a freshwater fish that is widely distributed in Europe, mainly in rivers. It is a member of the family Cottidae, a type of sculpin. It is also known as the miller's thumb, freshwater sculpin, common bullhead,[2][3] and cob.

For thumb of a miller, see Miller § Miller's thumb.

European bullhead
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Family: Cottidae
Genus: Cottus
Species:
C. gobio
Binomial name
Cottus gobio
Synonyms[2]
  • Cottus gobio gobio Linnaeus, 1758
  • Cottus affinis Heckel, 1837
  • Cottus ferrugineus Bonaparte, 1846
  • Cottus ferrugineus Heckel & Kner, 1858
  • Cottus gobio macrostomus Jeitteles, 1863
  • Cottus gobio jaxartensis Berg, 1916
  • Cottus jaxartensis Berg, 1916
  • Cottus gobio roseus Odenwall, 1927
  • Cottus gobio pellegrini Vladykov, 1931
  • Cottus gobio pellegrini Băcescu & Băcescu-Mester, 1964

The European bullhead is a small demersal fish that lives both in cold, clear, fast-flowing small streams and in middle-sized rivers. It also occurs on gravelly shores of cold lakes. Further, it thrives in diluted brackish water of the Northern Baltic Sea.[2]

Description
European bullhead on stamp

The bullhead has a large broad head and tapering body, large fins and a rounded tail. The eyes are located near the top of the head. To the distinction from the other freshwater sculpin species found in Northern Europe, it can be told from the alpine bullhead Cottus poecilopus by the fact that the rays of its pelvic fins are of similar lengths while the first and last rays are longer in the alpine bullhead. It can be distinguished from the fourhorn sculpin by the fact that the dorsal and anal fins terminate close to the tail giving a short caudal peduncle. When it rests on the bottom, the pectoral fins flare out resembling wings. The bullhead is usually about 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 in) long and is light brown mottled with darker colour. The pelvic fins are colourless and lack the stripes of the alpine bullhead.[4]

Biology

Food items eaten by the bullhead include benthic insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates.[2] It breeds in the spring. The male digs a shallow hollow in which batches of eggs are deposited by several females. He then guards the nest for the month or so that it takes for the eggs to hatch.[4]

Systematics and distribution
Total distribution of the Cottus gobio complex

The European bullhead, as treated above, is widespread over most of the subcontinent and in England, but absent from the southern peninsulae and from Northern Scandinavia. It is not a single uniform taxon, however, but composed of morphologically and genetically differentiated subunits. Some of those have been distinguished already long time ago as separate subspecies or species with their own names, while in practice they have still mostly been treated under the concept of Cottus gobio. In 2005, Freyhof et al. suggested subdivision of the European Cottus gobio into fourteen distinct species, of which six had been described earlier and eight were newly described and named.[5]

For instance, in this classification the British bullhead are Cottus perifretum.[9] In common usage and by e.g. conservation authorities, they are still mostly treated as Cottus gobio.[10][11][12][13]

References
  1. Freyhof, J. (2016) [errata version of 2011 assessment]. "Cottus gobio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T5445A97802083. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T5445A11147263.en. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  2. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Cottus gobio" in FishBase. August 2022 version.
  3. "Cottus gobio". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 January 2006.
  4. "Bullhead: Cottus gobio". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  5. Jörg Freyhof, Maurice Kottelat, Arne Nolte (2005) Taxonomic diversity of European Cottus with description of eight new species (Teleostei: Cottidae) Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 16, 107-172.
  6. Kottelat, M. (1997). "European freshwater fishes". Biologia (Bratislava). 52 supplement 5: 1–271.
  7. Cottus koshewnikowi IUCN Red List (2016)
  8. Cottus microstomus FishBase (2016)
  9. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008)Cottus perifretum The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015-4.
  10. Bullhead Cottus gobio NBN Nature Spot
  11. Tomlinson ML & Perrow MR (2003). Ecology of the Bullhead Cottus gobio. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 4. English Nature, Peterborough.
  12. 1163 Bullhead Cottus gobio - SAC selection species account JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee [read March 2016]
  13. Bullhead Cottus gobio The Wildlife Trusts [read March 2016]
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