Mintuci

The mintuci has been defined as "fabulous animal", purported to be "half human and half animal and to inhabit lakes and rivers" in the Ainu dictionary c. 1900 compiled by British missionary John Batchelor.[6][lower-alpha 2] But he also perceived it as a type of water spirit,[7][lower-alpha 3] and stated it was considered by the Ainu to be a type of "koshimpuk" (normalized spelling: kosimpuk, kosimpu),[9] which is a word glossed as meaning 'fairy' or 'daemon'.[10][11]

Others characterize it as a yōkai, closely akin to the kappa,[12] but others point out that there are legends peculiar to the Ainu that are attached to the mintuci, not seen in kappa legends.[13]

The Ainu word mintuci is considered to be borrowed from the Japanese word mizuchi (or variants thereof) that are local appellations for the kappa,[14] ultimately deriving from the term mizuchi which signifies a type of dragon.[12][15][lower-alpha 4]

However, Batchelor has given a strictly Ainu etymology for mintuci, explaining it as a compound of mimi (or mim) meaning 'flesh' and tumunci (トゥームーンチー) meaning 'devil'.[9]

According to some Ainu elders, mintuci was a name that people on the Japanese mainland used to refer to kappa,[17][18] and the correct Ainu term was Shiri-sham-ainu (シリシャマイヌ) literally denoting a "mountain-side-person".[17][12] Its bald-headedness and reference to the mountain-side suggests a hypothetical connection to, or conflation with, the generic Japanese mountain deity, the Yama-no-Kami.[12]

The name manifests local variation, and the creature is called mimtuci (ミムトゥチ) in the Chitose dialect[19] and mintoci (ミントチ) in the Ishikari region.[20]

The creature is known by the name hundoci (フンドチ) or slight variants thereof in the Tokachi and Kurshiro regions.[14][5][21][lower-alpha 5] It is said to make an occasional grunting noise like "hunn (フンッ)", according to the folklore of the town of Ikeda in the eastern part of the Tokachi Plain, where the hundoci appears the guise of a diminutive old person of indeterminate gender.[12]

The kappa of the Ainu may otherwise be called "mintoci kamuy, nintoci kamuy, or huntoci kamuy" などとも称されるという[lower-alpha 6][22]。

Although the mintuci is generally considered an "evil dispositioned" type of fabulous aquatic creature, reputed to "disembowel and devour human beings when they catch them", there are also benevolent types called pirika mintuci (lit. "good mintuci") which inhabit the mountains according to John Batchelor.[6]

It is not strictly just the mountain type which assists humans (bringing bounty of the mountain, i.e., luck of hunting), because the aquatic mintuci are also known to help (bestow bounties of the waters, i.e., luck in fishing), and there are also dangerous consequences when the mountain mintuci is crossed, as detailed below:

As the mintuci is a deity which controls the fish, it may bring luck to fishermen, but at a price, because as long as it is present it will be responsible for an increase in deaths by drowning.[28][12] In an anecdote set in the Ishikari region, the mintuci allowed a bountiful catch of fish, but it was sure to take several lives each year, so that the people begged it to move elsewhere to the town of Shizunai in Hidaka (now incorporated into the town of Shinhidaka, Hokkaido), and as a result, the drownings ceased, but the fish catch plummeted afterwards.[24] In another tale, a mintuci became the adopted husband and came to live with the bride's family in the hamlet of Chikabumi in Asahikawa, and he brought about a rich harvest of fish, but was discovered to be the cause of increased drownings in the rivers, so was expelled, and thereafter it moved to Shibichari River (in town of Shizunai).[29] The prosperity of Asahikawa and Saru River was attributed to mintuci protection.[12]

The mintuci also blesses the hunter, rewarding him with game in plenitude according to folk tradition.[12] According to one piece of lore, the chieftain of the mintuci is called mintuci-tono,[lower-alpha 10] and he is a bearer of bow and arrows, known to aid humans in need, or giving the gift of bow and arrows, but in return demands offering of sake or hei type ornaments, and people are obliged to comply.[5] But the ornament in question should not be the inaw usually offered to the gods, but a more simplified version.[5][lower-alpha 11]

The mintuci is thought capable of transforming into a youth and becoming an adopted husband at a home with only daughters, bringing about fortune and luck of the hunt, but once the village incurs his wrath, he will depart, absconding with the community's food spirit, causing famine.[24] There are tales of the mintuci acting as guardians for humans in Asahikawa and Saru River areas.[12] In one tale set in Saru River, a mintuci who helped the chieftain carry his load demanded a banquet afterwards, rewarding his hosts with a golden tobacco case (金の煙草入) said to be an amulet of protection from night raids. When another village attacked, those who participated in providing hospitality to the spirit were intact, but those who failed to come to the gathering all lost their lives.[5] The motif of the golden tobacco case amulet as a gift also occurs in a variant tale entitled "Kappa no hanashi" where the benefactor is the kappa-deity or nintoci kamuy.[32]

According to one origin myth,[34] long ago during the epoch when the god Okikurumi descended on earth and ruled over the Ainu (human) world, there came far from the sea the smallpox divinity known to the Ainu as Patum-kamui (パツムカムイ), and many succumbed to disease. Okikurmi then created a set of 61 Chishinap-kamui (Ti-sinap-kamuy[36][lower-alpha 12] made by braiding mugworts[lower-alpha 13] into a cross shape, breathing life into them to fight the smallpox divinity/demon. All but one of the puppets drowned and grand general who remained managed to defeat the smallpox demon.[4] The puppets that drowned thereafter became the mintuci kamuy, helping people in case of illness or adversity.[39][12][40]

A (less mythologized) and historical folk tradition blames the arrival of the pox to Japanese traders and their merchant ships.[43] According to tradition, the Smallpox Deity (smallpox demon) sneaked on the bezai boats which the Japanese sailed into Hokkaido to establish trade relations with the Ainu during the Edo period. A smallpox outbreak killed many Ainu.[12] And this led to the custom of creating the weed dolls for protection from this disease, namely, the Ti-sinap-kamuy was not invented by a god, but by the Ainu people.[44][45] In fact, the literal meaning of Ti-sinap-kamuy is 'god whom we bundled/bound'.[37]}