Segmented mirror

A segmented mirror is an array of smaller mirrors designed to act as segments of a single large curved mirror. The segments can be either spherical or asymmetric (if they are part of a larger parabolic reflector[1]). They are used as objectives for large reflecting telescopes. To function, all the mirror segments have to be polished to a precise shape and actively aligned by a computer-controlled active optics system using actuators built into the mirror support cell.

Size comparison of primary mirrors. Segmented mirrors are typically hexagonal and arranged in a honeycomb pattern.

The concept was pioneered by Guido Horn D'Arturo, who built the first working segmented mirror in 1952, after twenty years of research;[2] It was later independently rediscovered and further developed under the leadership of Dr. Jerry Nelson at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California during the 1980s, and since then all the necessaries technologies have spread worldwide to the point that essentially all future large optical telescopes plan to use segmented mirrors.

Application
Early segmented mirror, built out of 61 hexagonal segments in 1952.[2]
SALT's segmented mirror

There is a technological limit for primary mirrors made of a single rigid piece of glass. Such non-segmented, or monolithic mirrors can not be constructed larger than about eight meters in diameter. The largest monolithic mirrors in use are currently the two primary mirrors of the Large Binocular Telescope, each with a diameter of 8.4 meters. The use of segmented mirrors is therefore a key component for large-aperture telescopes.[3][4] Using a monolithic mirror much larger than 5 meters is prohibitively expensive due to the cost of both the mirror, and the massive structure needed to support it. A mirror beyond that size would also sag slightly under its own weight as the telescope was rotated to different positions,[5][6] changing the precision shape of the surface. Segments are also easier to fabricate, transport, install, and maintain over very large monolithic mirrors.

Segmented mirrors do have the drawback that each segment may require some precise asymmetrical shape, and rely on a complicated computer-controlled mounting system. All of the segments also cause diffraction effects in the final image.

Another application for segmented mirrors can be found in the augmented reality sector to minimize the size of the optical components. A partial reflective segmented mirror array is used by tooz to out-couple the light from their light guides, which is used as an optical smartglass element.[7]

Telescopes using segmented mirrors
James Webb Space Telescope primary mirror assembly

Some of the largest optical telescopes in the world use segmented primary mirrors. These include, but are not limited to the following telescopes:

The twin telescopes are the most prominent of the Mauna Kea Observatories at an elevation of 4,145 meters (13,600 ft) near the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii, United States. Both telescopes feature 10 m (33 ft) primary mirrors.
The HET is a 9.2-meter (30-foot) telescope located at the McDonald Observatory, West Texas at an altitude of 2,026 m (6,647 ft). Its primary mirror is constructed from 91 hexagonal segments. The telescope's main mirror is fixed at a 55 degree angle and can rotate around its base. A target is tracked by moving the instruments at the focus of the telescope; this allows access to about 70–81% of the sky at its location and a single target can be tracked for up to two hours.
The SALT is a 10-meter telescope dedicated on spectroscopy for most of its observing time. It shares similarities with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and also consists of 91 hexagonal mirror segments, each 1 meter across, resulting in a total hexagonal mirror of 11.1 m by 9.8 m.[8] It is located close to the town of Sutherland in the semi-desert region of the Karoo, South Africa. It is a facility of the South African Astronomical Observatory, the national optical observatory of South Africa.
Also known as the GranTeCan, the Canaries Great Telescope uses a total of 36 segmented mirrors.[9][10] With a primary mirror of 10.4 m (34 ft), it is currently the world's largest optical telescope, located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, in the Canary Islands in Spain.
The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope is a survey telescope located in the Hebei Province of China. It consists of two rectangular mirrors, made up of 24 and 37 segments, respectively. Each hexagonal segment is 1.1 metre in size.
The James Webb Space Telescope's 18 mirror segments were mostly fabricated in 2011.[11] The space telescope was launched by an Ariane 5 from Guiana Space Centre on December 25, 2021.[12]
Mirror segments of the James Webb Space Telescope
Mirror segments made of beryllium
Cryogenic tests at the MSFC
Segment after being coated with gold

Next-generation telescopes
Further information: Extremely large telescope

Three extremely large telescopes will be the next generation of segmented-mirror telescopes and are planned to be commissioned in the 2020s. The Giant Magellan Telescope uses seven large segments and is either grouped with segmented mirrors telescopes or its own category. The Thirty Meter Telescope is to be built at the Mauna Kea Observatories in Hawaii, though construction is on hold. This will use 492 hexagonal segments. The European Extremely Large Telescope will be the largest of all three, using a total of 798 segments for its primary mirror. Its first light is expected for 2027.[13]

Conceptual images of ELTs
European Extremely Large Telescope
Thirty Meter Telescope
Giant Magellan Telescope

Diffraction spikes
This section is an excerpt from Diffraction spike § Segmented mirrors.[edit]

Images from telescopes with segmented mirrors also exhibit diffraction spikes due to diffraction from the mirrors' edges. As before, two spikes are perpendicular to each edge orientation, resulting in six spikes (plus two fainter ones due to the spider supporting the secondary mirror) in photographs taken by the James Webb Space Telescope.[14]

  • The first JWST deep field with diffraction spikes
    The first JWST deep field with diffraction spikes
  • JWST image of the spiral galaxy NGC 7469 with diffraction spikes
    JWST image of the spiral galaxy NGC 7469 with diffraction spikes
  • Edges of the JWST primary mirror segments and spider colour-coded with their corresponding diffraction spikes
    Edges of the JWST primary mirror segments and spider colour-coded with their corresponding diffraction spikes

See also

References
  1. W. Patrick McCray - Giant telescopes - Page 107
  2. Bonoli, F. "Guido Horn d'Arturo and the first multi-mirror telescopes: 1932-1952." Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 89 (2018): 448.
  3. Nickerson, Colin (5 November 2007). "Long time no see". Boston Globe. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  4. "Keck telescope science kit fact sheet, Part 1". SCI Space Craft International. 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  5. Bobra, Monica Godha (September 2005). "The endless mantra: Innovation at the Keck Observatory" (PDF). MIT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. Yarris, Lynn (Winter 1992). "Revolution in telescope design debuts at Keck after birth here". Science@Berkeley Lab. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  7. "tooz technologies". Tooz (in German). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  8. "Mirror Segments". Southern African Large Telescope website. SOAA. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  9. Tests begin on Canaries telescope BBC 14 July 2007
  10. Giant telescope begins scouring space 14 July 2007
  11. "Six JWST Mirror Segments to Begin Cryogenic Tests" news.softpedia.com 14 April 2011
  12. Margetta, Robert (2021-09-08). "NASA Readies James Webb Space Telescope for December Launch". NASA. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  13. "ESO's Extremely Large Telescope planned to start scientific operations in 2027". 11 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  14. "James Webb: 'Fully focused' telescope beats expectations". BBC News. 16 March 2022.
  • Nelson, Jerry (2005). "Segmented Mirror Telescopes". In Foy, Renaud; Foy, François-Claude (eds.). Optics in Astrophysics. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 61–72. ISBN 978-1-4020-3437-4.
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