Bach's Missa of 1733

Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, died on 1 February 1733. He had converted to the Catholic Church in order to ascend to the throne of Poland in 1697. During a period of mourning, no cantata performances were permitted in Leipzig, interrupting Bach's normal work of a weekly cantata performance. Bach was free to compose a Kyrie–Gloria Mass for the court of Dresden,[9][10] where the successor was the later Augustus III of Poland. Bach presented the parts of the works to him with a note dated 27 July 1733, in the hope of obtaining the title "Saxon Electoral Court Composer":

In deepest Devotion I present to your Royal Highness this small product of that science which I have attained in Musique, with the most humble request that you will deign to regard it not according to the imperfection of its Composition, but with a most gracious eye ... and thus take me into your most mighty Protection.[11]

A different translation of this polite understatement[12] is "an insignificant product of the skill I have attained in music."[13] In the note, Bach also complained that he had "innocently suffered one injury or another" in Leipzig.[14] Petitions to the new ruler after the death of the previous one, as the one sent by Bach, were not exceptional in nature: similar petitions by musicians to August III included those of Jan Dismas Zelenka (unsuccessfully competing with Johann Adolph Hasse for the post of Kapellmeister),[15] Johann Joachim Quantz and Pantaleon Hebenstreit (a Lutheran court church director).[16] What was exceptional was that Bach accompanied his petition with a composition of considerable dimensions — a liturgical composition, no less — which was surprising in that Bach was then employed as a Lutheran church composer and was here presenting a work for the Catholic liturgy.

This detail from an 1828 map of Dresden shows the location of the Opernhaus am Taschenberg, the court theatre that in the 1660s was built adjacent to the Elector's palace, then in 1708 transformed into the Catholic Hofkirche, and, by the time this map was drawn, after building the Katholische Kirche (1739–1751), among others, transformed into an archive (indicated as "Archiv" in the middle of this picture).[17]
The location of the Sophienkirche is shown in the lower part of this detail.

At the time, Germany lived under the cuius regio, eius religio principle (inhabitants of a region have to follow the religion of their ruler), which led to a somewhat double situation in Dresden under August the Strong: officially Catholic in Poland but only privately so in Dresden — no Catholicism was imposed on Lutheran Saxony, and only the court at Dresden was Catholic.[18] Lutherans, including the Electress Christiane Eberhardine, who steadfastly refused to convert to Catholicism (and for whom Bach had composed his Trauerode when she died in 1727),[15] had the Sophienkirche as their place of worship,[lower-alpha 1] while the Catholic Hofkirche (Court church) was housed in the former court theatre from 1708.[19]

Luther had not rejected any of the five parts of the Mass ordinary that traditionally were eligible for a musical setting (Kyrie, Gloria, Nicene Creed, Sanctus, Agnus Dei): Protestant mass celebrations could include any of these and/or their translation in the local language.[20] There is no doubt that Bach admired his ancestor Veit for his Lutheranism.[21] In all probability Bach wrote a Lutheran liturgical composition that would have been just as acceptable in a Catholic mass. At least the panache with which Bach showed off as a versatile composer, only six years after openly choosing the Lutheran side at the death of the new elector's mother, must be admired.

For the music, Bach borrowed extensively from his previous cantata compositions.[12] Bach may have had the capabilities of the singers and instrumentalists of the Dresden court chapel (which served the Hofkirche) in mind when composing the piece: at the time these included Johann Georg Pisendel (violinist and concert master), Johann Christian Richter (oboist), and the flautists Pierre-Gabriel Buffardin and Johann Joachim Quantz.[22] These performers, versed in the French as well as Italian performance styles, were the best of what could be found anywhere in Europe.[15] The new elector's taste for the operatic genre was no secret either.[15] For church music the Neapolitan mass came closest to that genre, and this was the preferred Mass type at the Hofkirche.[2] Bach was no doubt aware that apart from the excellent instrumentalists, the Dresden Hofkapelle ("court chapel") also had vocal soloists at its disposal (such as Faustina Bordoni, the wife of Johann Adolph Hasse) who could excel in the type of arias that was customary in operas and Neapolitan masses.[2][15]

The score Bach sent to Dresden consisted of the separate parts for Soprano I, Soprano II, Alto, Tenor, Bass, Trumpet I, Trumpet II, Trumpet III, Timpani, Corno da Caccia, Flauto traverso I, Flauto traverso II, Oboe (d'amore) I, Oboe (d'amore) II, Oboe (d'amore) III, Violins I (2 copies), Violins II, Viola, Cello, Bassoon and Basso continuo. Most of these copies were written by Bach himself, but for the last movements of both Kyrie and Gloria his sons Carl Philipp Emanuel (soprano parts), Wilhelm Friedemann (violino I parts), and his wife Anna Magdalena (cello parts) helped, along with an anonymous copyist (oboe and basso continuo parts).[23] Performance material for the choir was not included, nor was the basso continuo part very elaborated.[24] All these parts appear to have been copied directly from the full score, which Bach kept in Leipzig.[5] Bach supplied the parts for single performers with many details that are not in the score he kept.[25]

Interior of the Hofkirche (Hofkapelle)[lower-alpha 2] in 1719[26]

Although some commentators suggest other liturgical and worldly venues where Bach may have anticipated a performance of the Missa,[27] there seems little doubt that Bach intended to tailor the piece so that it could be performed at the Dresden Hofkirche.[2]

When the composition arrived in Dresden its format wasn't very unusual compared to other works performed at the time at the Hofkirche. The repertoire performed there included over thirty masses consisting of only a Kyrie and Gloria. Many of these were composed or acquired by the court composer at the time Jan Dismas Zelenka; and in most cases, as also happened with Bach's Missa, these were later expanded into a complete mass (missa tota), or at least a Mass with all the usual Mass sections except the Credo (missa senza credo). Nor the fact that Bach's Missa was composed for virtuoso performers, nor that it was a composition requiring a SSATB choir could be considered exceptional at the time and place.[2]

The key signature of the mass was somewhat exceptional: the Hofkirche 1765 catalogue[28] contains only one Mass in B minor, by Antonio Caldara. D major, the relative major key of B minor (i.e. with the same accidentals), was the most usual key for festive music including trumpets, because of the Saxon natural trumpet: all of Zelenka's solemn masses were in that key, but also 6 of the 12 movements of Bach's Missa (including the Christe eleison and the opening and closing movements of the Gloria) have that same key signature. The most exceptional feature of Bach's mass appears to have been its duration, which largely exceeded what was usual compared to similar compositions at the time in Dresden. This seems the most likely reason why the composition was filed in the Royal Library upon arrival in Dresden, instead of being added to the repertoire of the Hofkirche.[2]

As for the result of his petition to the new ruler in Dresden: some three years after his request Bach received the title of Royal Court Composer.[2] In the intermediate period the Elector had other business to attend to: the War of the Polish Succession.

Sophienkirche, Dresden, possibly the location of a first performance

It is debated if the Missa was performed at the time.[5] If it was performed, the most likely venue was the Sophienkirche in Dresden, where Bach's son Wilhelm Friedemann had been organist since June.[5][29]

Around 1745 Bach used three movements of the Gloria of the Missa of 1733 for his cantata Gloria in excelsis Deo, BWV 191.[5][7]