Mobile Protected Firepower

The Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) is a U.S. Army program to procure a combat vehicle that is capable of providing mobile protected direct offensive fire capability.[1] The projected vehicle has been designated the M10 Booker,[2] and will according to description essentially serve the role of an assault gun.[3]

Mobile Protected Firepower, based on the General Dynamics Griffin

This vehicle has been called a light tank by some sources,[4] which is incorrect according to some Army officials.[3][5] It will weigh about 42 tons.[6]

The program is part of the Next Generation Combat Vehicle program.[7]

MPF is similar in purpose to the M8 Armored Gun System light tank, the intended replacement for the M551 Sheridan, which the Army canceled due to budget considerations in 1996. The last user of M551 Sheridans, the 3/73rd Armor of the 82nd Airborne Division, was subsequently inactivated starting in 1996.

In 2018 the Army selected bids from General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) and BAE Systems—for further evaluation for the MPF requirement. Prototypes of GDLS's Griffin II and BAE's M8 AGS were delivered to the Army beginning in 2020. BAE's submission was disqualified in 2022. The Army selected the GDLS model for initial production later that year. In 2023, the Army type classified the vehicle as the M10 Booker. The Army expects to purchase 504 units.

History

Background
MPF c.2022

The Army recognized the poor performance of the M551 Sheridan light tank in Vietnam and began the process of retiring the vehicle in 1977. A small number were retained in active service by the 82nd Airborne Division and the National Guard.[nb 1]

The Army began a series of projects in the 1980s to either improve the Sheridan[9] or replace it. Some of its efforts around this time could be described as hopelessly intermingled.[10] After a series of false starts, in June 1992 the Army selected FMC's XM8 Armored Gun System (AGS) to go into low-rate initial production.[11] The AGS was expected to replace the Sheridan in the 3/73rd Armor of the 82nd Airborne Division[12] and TOW missile-armed Humvees in the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment.[13][14] The Army canceled the AGS in 1996, citing an unfavorable outyear funding environment.[15]

The 3/73rd Armor was inactivated over the following two years. The last Sheridans in service were vismod Sheridans used for opposing force training. These too were retired in 2004.[16]

In 1999, Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki laid out his vision for a lighter, more transportable force.[17] The Army began the Interim Armored Vehicle (IAV) program to implement Shinseki's concept. United Defense LP entered a variant of the AGS to meet the Mobile Gun System requirement; however the Army selected the General Dynamics Land Systems 8×8 LAV III derivative.[18]

Design requirements
Mobile Protected Firepower notional illustration

The Army stated in its request for proposals in 2015 that it expected the MPF to operate in concert with the Army Ground Mobility Vehicle and Light Reconnaissance Vehicle. The Army said the MPF will operate in "austere and unpredictable locations."[19] At an industry day in August 2016, an Army spokesperson said the MPF was one of the Army's top priorities. The Army desired a commercial off-the-shelf vehicle weighing no more than 32 tons.[20]

The Army opted not to add a requirement for an air-drop capability, unlike the M8 Armored Gun System, which had this capability. According to an Army Futures Command official, as of 2021, one of the two competing team's bids was potentially light enough to airdrop due to its "significantly" lighter weight.[21]

Competition
A BAE Systems Mobile Protected Firepower testbed based on the M8 Armored Gun System preserved at the U.S. Army Armor & Cavalry Collection at Fort Benning c. 2023
Secretary of the U.S. Army Christine Wormuth stands atop a GDLS Mobile Protected Firepower vehicle in August 2022

In November 2017, the Army issued a request for proposal (RFP) for the Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) phase and, in order to maximize competition, planned to award up to two Middle Tier Acquisition (MTA) contracts for the EMD phase in early 2019.[1] The expected buy was 504 MPF systems.[19]

Science Applications International Corporation partnered with ST Kinetics and CMI Defence. The design paired CMI's Cockerill 305 turret to an ST Kinetics Next Generation Armored Fighting Vehicle hull.[22] BAE Systems offered a vehicle based on the M8 Armored Gun System. General Dynamics Land Systems offered a variant of the Griffin II.[23]

The GDLS vehicle incorporates components and systems from the British Ajax IFV (itself based on the Austrian–Spanish ASCOD).[24] It was publicly unveiled on 22 April 2020.[25] BAE Systems' proposal was a lighter updated version of the M8 Armored Gun System, which was canceled in 1996.[24]

In December 2018, the Army narrowed their choices to BAE and GDLS's proposals to move forward.[23] The Army awarded rapid prototyping contracts for MPF not to exceed $376 million to these two companies.[26] [1][27]

Both companies faced production difficulties and supplier issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Army had required that the two companies submit all of their 12 prototypes by August 2020.[28] GDLS delivered all of its prototypes (based on the Griffin II) by December 2020. BAE's final prototypes were delivered in February 2021. The assessment phase began in January 2021 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, with testing scheduled to run through June 2021. In March 2022, BAE was reportedly disqualified from the competition due to "noncompliance issues", leaving GDLS as the only remaining option.[29]

The Army selected the GDLS Griffin II in June 2022. The initial contract is for 96 Low-Rate Initial Production (LRIP) vehicles, with first delivery by the end of 2023.[30]

Production and fielding

As of January 2023, delivery of the first LRIP MPF system is expected in 19 months, and Initial Operational Testing and Evaluation (IOT & E) is planned for the end of FY2024. The First Unit Equipped (FUE) is scheduled for the fourth quarter of FY2025, consisting of a battalion of 42 MPFs. Each LRIP MPF system is expected to cost about $12.8 million. Full-rate production MPF systems are expected to cost less than LRIP units.[26]

The Army's MPF acquisition objective is for 504 vehicles, with Army officials noting that this number could vary slightly. Each Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) will be allocated 14 MPFs. The MPFs will form a divisional level battalion, from which companies will be detailed to the IBCTs. The targeted fielding for the first unit equipped is FY2025. Under current Army plans, four MPF battalions are to be fielded by 2030, with the bulk of the planned acquisition scheduled to be completed by 2035.[26]

In June 2023, the Army designated the Mobile Protected Firepower combat vehicle as the M10 Booker after Private Robert D. Booker, who was killed in the North African campaign during World War II, and Staff Sergeant Stevon Booker, who was a tank commander during the invasion of Baghdad.[2]

Design features

The M10 Booker is an armored vehicle that is intended to support our Infantry Brigade Combat Teams by suppressing and destroying fortifications, gun systems and trench routes, and then secondarily providing protection against enemy armored vehicles.

— Maj. Gen. Glenn Dean, program executive officer of Army Ground Combat Systems., [3]
Main gun firing

As of 2023, there is a limited quantity of serviceable 105 mm ammunition for MPF training and operational use. As such, there could be a requirement to procure additional 105 mm ammunition.[26]

In 2023, MPF product manager LTC Peter George said that although the Ajax was the starting point for the GDLS MPF, the current chassis shares little in common with the Ajax and "it's difficult to see the similarities."[31]

BAE XM1302 MPF pilot vehicle 2 at the U.S. Army Armor & Cavalry Collection, Fort Moore.

  • Rubber band track
    Rubber band track
  • Commander's hatch
    Commander's hatch
  • M257 smoke grenade launchers
    M257 smoke grenade launchers
  • rear
    rear
  • Weapon mount
    Weapon mount
  • Wire cutters
    Wire cutters
  • Kidde Control Electronics Panel fire suppression system
    Kidde Control Electronics Panel fire suppression system
  • Engine
    Engine
  • Driver's hatch
    Driver's hatch

See also
Mobile Protected Firepower logo

Notes
  1. By 1985, the Army had about 800 Sheridans, 750 of which were in storage. The 82nd Airborne retained 50 in active service.[8]

References
  1. "The Army's Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) System". Congressional Research Service. 14 December 2021. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. Judson, Jen (10 June 2023). "US Army's new combat vehicle named for soldiers killed in Iraq, WWII". Defense News. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  3. "It's Not a Light Tank: Army Unveils New Armored Combat Vehicle". military.com. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  4. "Everything to know about the Army's new 38-ton light tank". 9 September 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  5. Kris Osborn (16 July 2022). "Army Says New Mobile Protected Firepower Vehicle is NOT a "Light Tank"". Warior Waven. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  6. "Army unveils the M10 Booker, its first new combat vehicle in two decades". stripes.com. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  7. "Next Generation Combat Vehicles: As Army Prioritizes Rapid Development, More Attention Needed to Provide Insight on Cost Estimates and Systems Engineering Risks". Government Accountability Office. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  8. "Army Official Urges Purchase of 500 Light Tanks". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. UPI. 23 December 1985. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  9. Zaloga 2009, p. 44–45.
  10. Freeman 1991, p. 13.
  11. "FMC Selected to Build Armored Gun System: Army's AGS to Feature All-Welded Aluminum Hull, Detroit Diesel Engine". Inside the Pentagon. Vol. 8, no. 24. Inside Washington Publishers. 11 June 1992. p. 13. JSTOR 43988110.
  12. Hunnicutt 2015a, p. 183.
  13. Edwards III, Major O.T. (January–March 1995). "TRADOC System Manager For Abrams and the AGS Comments on 'Assault Gun Battalion 96'" (PDF). Armor. 104 (1): 49. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  14. Foote, Sheila (31 October 1995). "Army okays initial production of Armored Gun System". Defense Daily. Access Intelligence. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  15. Sherman, Jason (12 February 1996). "Service Still Seeking OSD Support: Army's Decision to Terminate AGS Meets Stiff Resistance on Capitol Hill". Inside the Army. Vol. 8, no. 6. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 9–10. JSTOR 43982648.
  16. Zaloga 2009, p. 43.
  17. MacRae, Catherine (14 October 1999). "Service Wants to Be Lighter, Faster, More Lethal: Army Chief of Staff's 'vision' Is Focused on Medium-weight Force". Inside the Army. Vol. 15, no. 41. Inside Washington Publishers. p. 6. JSTOR 43995956. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  18. "M8 Armored Gun System - Archived 3/2004". www.forecastinternational.com. Forecast International. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  19. McBride, Courtney (27 November 2017). "Army Ground Mobility Vehicle". Inside the Army. No. Courtney McBride. Inside Washington Publishers. JSTOR 26416303. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  20. Lee, Connie (15 August 2016). "Army official says MPF remains 'top priority'". Inside the Army. No. Vol. 28, No. 32. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  21. Sterenfeld, Ethan (21 June 2021). "Murray: One MPF prototype potentially airdrop-capable". Inside Defense. Inside Washington Publishers. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  22. Tressel, Ashley (15 October 2018). "Army's new 'light tank' prototype selection coming in November". Inside the Army. Vol. 30, no. 41. Inside Washington Publishers. JSTOR 26536531. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  23. Tressel, Ashley (24 December 2018). "BAE, General Dynamics move forward in MPF competition". Inside the Army. Vol. 30, no. 51. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 4–5. JSTOR 26587496. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  24. Larsen, Caleb (2 October 2021). "The U.S. Army Could Soon Have A New Light Tank". 19fortyfive. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  25. "General Dynamics Land Systems Unveils New Light Tank". MilitaryLeak. 25 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  26. Feickert, Andrew (5 January 2023). The Army's Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) System. Congressional Research Service (Report). Retrieved 24 January 2023.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  27. "BAE Systems awarded development contract for Mobile Protected Firepower". BAE Systems. 17 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  28. Roque, Ashley (27 August 2020). "BAE Systems, GDLS behind on 'light tank' prototype deliveries to US Army". Janes.com. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  29. Roque, Ashley. "US Army eliminates BAE Systems from 'light tank' competition". Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  30. "General Dynamics wins $1.14 billion Mobile Protected Firepower contract". Breaking Defense. 28 June 2022. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  31. Nicholas Moran, LTC Peter George (8 January 2023). Inside the Chieftain's Hatch Snapshot: MPF (video). YouTube. Retrieved 24 January 2023.

Bibliography
  • Freeman, Major Marshall A. (5 April 1991). The Army Needs a Strategic Armored Gun System—Now! (PDF) (War College Individual Study Project). U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Hunnicutt, Richard Pearce (2015a) [1995]. Sheridan: A History of the American Light Tank. Vol. 2. Battleboro, VT: Echo Point Books & Media. ISBN 978-1-62654-154-2.
  • Zaloga, Stephen J. (2009). M551 Sheridan, US Airmobile Tanks 1941–2001. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84603-391-9.
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