Disjunctive syllogism

In propositional logic, disjunctive syllogism (also known as disjunction elimination and or elimination, or abbreviated ∨E),[7][8][9][10] is a valid rule of inference. If it is known that at least one of two statements is true, and that it is not the former that is true; we can infer that it has to be the latter that is true. Equivalently, if P is true or Q is true and P is false, then Q is true. The name "disjunctive syllogism" derives from its being a syllogism, a three-step argument, and the use of a logical disjunction (any "or" statement.) For example, "P or Q" is a disjunction, where P and Q are called the statement's disjuncts. The rule makes it possible to eliminate a disjunction from a logical proof. It is the rule that

${\displaystyle {\frac {P\lor Q,\neg P}{\therefore Q}}}$

where the rule is that whenever instances of "${\displaystyle P\lor Q}$", and "${\displaystyle \neg P}$" appear on lines of a proof, "${\displaystyle Q}$" can be placed on a subsequent line.

Disjunctive syllogism is closely related and similar to hypothetical syllogism, which is another rule of inference involving a syllogism. It is also related to the law of noncontradiction, one of the three traditional laws of thought.

For a logical system that validates it, the disjunctive syllogism may be written in sequent notation as

${\displaystyle P\lor Q,\lnot P\vdash Q}$

where ${\displaystyle \vdash }$ is a metalogical symbol meaning that ${\displaystyle Q}$ is a syntactic consequence of ${\displaystyle P\lor Q}$, and ${\displaystyle \lnot P}$.

It may be expressed as a truth-functional tautology or theorem in the object language of propositional logic as

${\displaystyle ((P\lor Q)\land \neg P)\to Q}$

where ${\displaystyle P}$, and ${\displaystyle Q}$ are propositions expressed in some formal system.

Here is an example:

1. It is red or it is blue.
2. It is not blue.
3. Therefore, it is red.

Here is another example:

1. The breach is a safety violation, or it is not subject to fines.
2. The breach is not a safety violation.
3. Therefore, it is not subject to fines.

It may be observed that the disjunctive syllogism works whether 'or' is considered 'exclusive' or 'inclusive' disjunction. See below for the definitions of these terms.

There are two kinds of logical disjunction:

• inclusive means "and/or"—at least one of them is true, or maybe both.
• exclusive ("xor") means exactly one must be true, but they cannot both be.

The concept of "or" as it exists in the English language is often ambiguous between these two meanings, but the difference is pivotal in evaluating disjunctive arguments.

The argument

1. P or Q.
2. Not P.
3. Therefore, Q.

is valid and indifferent between both meanings. However, only in the exclusive meaning is the following form valid:

1. Either (only) P or (only) Q.
2. P.
3. Therefore, not Q.

With the inclusive meaning, one could draw no conclusion from the first two premises of that argument. See affirming a disjunct.

Unlike modus ponens and modus ponendo tollens, with which it should not be confused, disjunctive syllogism is often not made an explicit rule or axiom of logical systems, as the above arguments can be proven with a combination of reductio ad absurdum and disjunction elimination.

Other forms of syllogism include:

• hypothetical syllogism
• categorical syllogism

Disjunctive syllogism holds in classical propositional logic and intuitionistic logic, but not in some paraconsistent logics.[11]

• Stoic logic
• Type of syllogism (disjunctive, hypothetical, legal, poly-, prosleptic, quasi-, statistical)