Muhammad Junejo

Mohammad Khan Junejo belonged to a Sindhi Rajput Family.[7] He was born in Mirpur Khas District, Sindh, British India on 18 August 1932.[8][9] He hailed from an influential agriculturalist (Haji Alisher Shah) feudalist family in Sindh that had a traditional conservative mindset.[10]

He was educated at the St. Patrick's High School in Karachi and later graduated from the St. Patrick's College.[11] He went to Hastings in England where he was trained as an agriculturist and earned a diploma to be certified in 1954.[12]

Junejo was an agriculturist and a farmer who cultivated the famed Sindhri mangoes in his local village in Mirpur Khas.[13] Junejo was a conservative Muslim and a dominant figure in his village, who had his wife living in the village for her entire life, and kept her out of public sight even when he was elected as Prime Minister and eventually moved to Prime Minister's Secretariat. Nothing or very little was known about his wife as he often traveled and visited other states with his elder daughter; he was married with five children.[14]

His public image was popular in politics for his driving of blue coloured Suzuki Mehran and, he popularly drove the Mehran in Islamabad despite the annoyance of President Zia who had a strong preference for Mercedes-Benz W126.[15]

Upon returning from the United Kingdom in 1954, he joined the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and was elected as Mayor for Sanghar District and worked as a party worker for the Muslim League until 1963. He participated in elections and was elected for West-Pakistan legislative assembly and soon he joined the Ayub administration and subsequently held cabinet department of Health, Communications and Labour until 1965.[11]

He again successfully participated in the presidential elections in 1965, and was elevated as the Minister of Railways under the Ayub administration which he served until 1969.[12] From 1970–77, he was unable to defend his constituency from Sanghar but became closer to religious leader Pir Pagara, of which he later became his political missionary.[16]

In 1977, he was named as a caretaker cabinet minister when General Zia-ul-Haq, the chief of army staff, took over the civilian government led by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. From 1977–79, he served as the Railway minister but later resigned in 1979.[17][18]

In January 1985, President Zia-ul-Haq announced to hold nationwide general elections that would be based on non-partisanism– there have been political rumors that the U.S. President Ronald Reagan had a subsequent political role in such regards.[19]

Junejo was successful in defending his constituency from the Sanghar District and was known to be a religiopolitical missionary of Pir Pagara who had been leading his own political faction in Sindh. President Zia considered three names for the appointment of the Prime Minister that included: Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Liaquat Ali Jatoi and Junejo– all were from Sindh.[20] After consulting with Pir Pagara, President Zia hand-picked and appointed Junejo as Prime Minister through an invitation to form the civilian government in accordance to the revival of constitution.[21]

His mindset reflected a conservatism and was a powerful feudalist whom President Zia considered him to be ineffective in leading towards the decision-making processes.[22][23] and after securing votes in the Parliament through the Vote of Confidence (VoC), he met with President Zia and reportedly asking him about the ending of the martial law.[24]

The martial law was eventually lifted on his repeated instances and announced his cabinet which saw the ouster of many of President Zia's military members in the civilian cabinet. He kept two ministerial departments of defence and interior.

Prime Minister Junejo's social policies led to the political independence when he was appointed as the President of Pakistan Muslim League.[25] His policy also included the freedom of the press despite the opposition he faced fromPresident Zia in this issue.[3] He gained popularity for his daring stance and disagreement with Zia over a number of issues.[9]

On the economic front, he took the austerity measures and ultimately halted the Islamization of Economy process ran under the Zia regime, which put him at odds with President Zia.[26]

In 1986–87, his political relations with President Zia began to deteriorate over the control of foreign policy. Against Zia's wishes Junejo authorized his Foreign Minister Yakob Ali Khan to ratify the Geneva Accords that allowed the Russian retreat from Afghanistan.[27] In this regard, he had held a party conference where he invited the Communist Party and Pakistan People's Party to discuss to end the bloodshed in Afghanistan.[28] In 1987, he provided his political support and eventually used his prerogative to appoint Lieutenant-General Mirza Aslam Beg as vice-army chief, despite President Zia wanting Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar, who was instead sent to DESTO.[29]

Prime Minister Junejo also stalled the fundamentalist legislation in an attempt to keep leverage on President Zia.[30] Following the massive explosion near the hidden Ojhri camp facility in Rawalpindi Cantonment that resulted in more than 100 lives lost, Prime Minister Junejo announced to call for a parliamentary inquiry to overlook the incident.[31][32]

On 28 May 1988, DG ISPR Brigadier Siddique Salik informed Prime Minister Junejo of President Zia holding the press conference the next day in this regard, terming it "very important." On 29 May 1988, President Zia appeared on PTV News and surprisingly announced to have dissolved the Parliament, using the Eighth Amendment.[33] Many investigative newspapers and political gossips pointed that it was the inquiry report on the "Ojhri Camp disaster" that implicated the military members in Zia's administration despite President Zia claiming of Junejo's Government had been dismissed because the law and order situation had broken down to an alarming extent and the government could not be run in accordance with the Constitution.[34][35]

During the general elections held in 1988, he was unsuccessful for defending his constituency but was elected for the National Assembly general elections held in 1990 and remained head of the PML.[9]

In 1993, he was diagnosed with leukemia and went to the United States for the treatment where he was treated at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, where he died the same year.[12] He was brought and buried in his locality.[3]

His widow, Begum Junejo, died in Karachi on July 13, 2003, at the age of 60.[36]

• Singh, Ramindar (June 15, 1988). "Our conscience is clear: Pakistan PM Junejo - Interview". India Today.

• Lyons, Peter (2008), Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 9781576077122
• Hanif, Farhan (2012) [1985]. Prime Minister of Pakistan Mohammad Khan Junejo (Volume III). Directorate of Films & Publications, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan. ISBN 978-1136336966.
• Anwar, Muhammad (2012). Baig, Ebad (ed.). Pakistan: Time for Change. Ebad Baig. pp. 27–36. ISBN 978-1477250303.
• Directorate, Intelligence (2012). Pakistan: Prospect of Junejo Government (PDF). Islamabad, Pakistan: Directorate of Intelligence. pp. 4–22. ISBN 978-1158284658. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017.