Mollifier

Definition 1. If ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ is a smooth function on ℝⁿ, n ≥ 1, satisfying the following three requirements

(1)   it is compactly supported[8]

(2)  ${\displaystyle \int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\!\varphi (x)\mathrm {d} x=1}$

(3)  ${\displaystyle \lim _{\epsilon \to 0}\varphi _{\epsilon }(x)=\lim _{\epsilon \to 0}\epsilon ^{-n}\varphi (x/\epsilon )=\delta (x)}$

where ${\displaystyle \delta (x)}$ is the Dirac delta function and the limit must be understood in the space of Schwartz distributions, then ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ is a mollifier. The function ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ could also satisfy further conditions:[9] for example, if it satisfies

(4)  ${\displaystyle \varphi }$${\displaystyle (x)}$ ≥ 0 for all x ∈ ℝⁿ, then it is called a positive mollifier

(5)  ${\displaystyle \varphi }$${\displaystyle (x)}$=${\displaystyle \mu }$${\displaystyle (|x|)}$ for some infinitely differentiable function ${\displaystyle \mu }$ : ℝ⁺ → ℝ, then it is called a symmetric mollifier

Note 1. When the theory of distributions was still not widely known nor used,[10] property (3) above was formulated by saying that the convolution of the function ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle \varphi _{\epsilon }}$ with a given function belonging to a proper Hilbert or Banach space converges as ε → 0 to that function:[11] this is exactly what Friedrichs did.[12] This also clarifies why mollifiers are related to approximate identities.[13]

Note 2. As briefly pointed out in the "Historical notes" section of this entry, originally, the term "mollifier" identified the following convolution operator:[13][14]

${\displaystyle \Phi _{\epsilon }(f)(x)=\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\varphi _{\epsilon }(x-y)f(y)\mathrm {d} y}$

where ${\displaystyle \varphi _{\epsilon }(x)=\epsilon ^{-n}\varphi (x/\epsilon )}$ and ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ is a smooth function satisfying the first three conditions stated above and one or more supplementary conditions as positivity and symmetry.

For any distribution ${\displaystyle T}$, the following family of convolutions indexed by the real number ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$

${\displaystyle T_{\epsilon }=T\ast \varphi _{\epsilon }}$

where ${\displaystyle \ast }$ denotes convolution, is a family of smooth functions.

For any distribution ${\displaystyle T}$, the following family of convolutions indexed by the real number ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$ converges to ${\displaystyle T}$

${\displaystyle \lim _{\epsilon \to 0}T_{\epsilon }=\lim _{\epsilon \to 0}T\ast \varphi _{\epsilon }=T\in D^{\prime }(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}$

For any distribution ${\displaystyle T}$,

${\displaystyle \operatorname {supp} T_{\epsilon }=\operatorname {supp} (T\ast \varphi _{\epsilon })\subset \operatorname {supp} T+\operatorname {supp} \varphi _{\epsilon }}$,

where ${\displaystyle \operatorname {supp} }$ indicates the support in the sense of distributions, and ${\displaystyle +}$ indicates their Minkowski addition.

In some theories of generalized functions, mollifiers are used to define the multiplication of distributions: precisely, given two distributions ${\displaystyle S}$ and ${\displaystyle T}$, the limit of the product of a smooth function and a distribution

${\displaystyle \lim _{\epsilon \to 0}S_{\epsilon }\cdot T=\lim _{\epsilon \to 0}S\cdot T_{\epsilon }{\overset {\mathrm {def} }{=}}S\cdot T}$

defines (if it exists) their product in various theories of generalized functions.

Very informally, mollifiers are used to prove the identity of two different kind of extension of differential operators: the strong extension and the weak extension. The paper (Friedrichs 1944) illustrates this concept quite well: however the high number of technical details needed to show what this really means prevent them from being formally detailed in this short description.

By convolution of the characteristic function of the unit ball ${\displaystyle B_{1}=\{x:|x|<1\}}$ with the smooth function ${\displaystyle \varphi _{1/2}}$ (defined as in (3) with ${\displaystyle \epsilon =1/2}$), one obtains the function

${\displaystyle \chi _{B_{1},1/2}(x)=\chi _{B_{1}}\ast \varphi _{1/2}(x)=\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\!\!\!\chi _{B_{1}}(x-y)\varphi _{1/2}(y)\mathrm {d} y=\int _{B_{1/2}}\!\!\!\chi _{B_{1}}(x-y)\varphi _{1/2}(y)\mathrm {d} y\ \ \ (\because \ \mathrm {supp} (\varphi _{1/2})=B_{1/2})}$

which is a smooth function equal to ${\displaystyle 1}$ on ${\displaystyle B_{1/2}=\{x:|x|<1/2\}}$, with support contained in ${\displaystyle B_{3/2}=\{x:|x|<3/2\}}$. This can be seen easily by observing that if ${\displaystyle |x|}$ ≤ ${\displaystyle 1/2}$ and ${\displaystyle |y|}$ ≤ ${\displaystyle 1/2}$ then ${\displaystyle |x-y|}$ ≤ ${\displaystyle 1}$. Hence for ${\displaystyle |x|}$ ≤ ${\displaystyle 1/2}$,

${\displaystyle \int _{B_{1/2}}\!\!\!\chi _{B_{1}}(x-y)\varphi _{1/2}(y)\mathrm {d} y=\int _{B_{1/2}}\!\!\!\varphi _{1/2}(y)\mathrm {d} y=1}$.

One can see how this construction can be generalized to obtain a smooth function identical to one on a neighbourhood of a given compact set, and equal to zero in every point whose distance from this set is greater than a given ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$.[17] Such a function is called a (smooth) cutoff function: those functions are used to eliminate singularities of a given (generalized) function by multiplication. They leave unchanged the value of the (generalized) function they multiply only on a given set, thus modifying its support: also cutoff functions are the basic parts of smooth partitions of unity.