Monocentric chromosome

The monocentric chromosome is a chromosome that has only one centromere in a chromosome and forms a narrow constriction.

This section is about centromere number. For optical eyepiece, see Eyepiece § Monocentric.
Duplicated chromosome. (2) identifies the Monocentric centromere—the region that joins the two sister chromatids, or each half of the chromosome. In prophase of mitosis, specialized regions on centromeres called kinetochores attach chromosomes to spindle fibers.

Monocentric centromeres are the most common structure on highly repetitive DNA in plants and animals.[1]

Structure

Monocentric chromosomes as compared to holocentric chromosomes where the entire length of the chromosome acts as the centromere. In monocentric chromosomes there is one primary constriction and the centromere its CenH3 loci at this location.[2]

Holocentric chromosomes are found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.[3] Holocentric chromosomes do have an evolutionary advantage by preventing the loss of chromosome after a DNA double-strand break.[4]

The centromere is the point of attachment for the mitotic apparatus[5]

Chromosomal aberrations

Deletions, duplications and translocations can produce a polycentric chromosome. This is troublesome for cells that divide often since at the time of anaphase the polycentric chromosome does not move to opposite poles of spindle fiber and the cell dies.[5]

See also

References
  1. Barra, V.; Fachinetti, D. (2018). "The dark side of centromeres: Types, causes and consequences of structural abnormalities implicating centromeric DNA". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 4340. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.4340B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06545-y. PMC 6194107. PMID 30337534.
  2. Neumann, Pavel; Navrátilová, Alice; Schroeder-Reiter, Elizabeth; Koblížková, Andrea; Steinbauerová, Veronika; Chocholová, Eva; Novák, Petr; Wanner, Gerhard; Macas, Jiří (2012). "Stretching the Rules: Monocentric Chromosomes with Multiple Centromere Domains". PLOS Genetics. 8 (6): e1002777. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002777. PMC 3380829. PMID 22737088.
  3. Dernburg, A. F. (2001). "Here, There, and Everywhere: Kinetochore Function on Holocentric Chromosomes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 153 (6): F33–8. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.6.F33. PMC 2192025. PMID 11402076.
  4. Friedman, Steven; Freitag, Michael (2017). Evolving Centromeres and Kinetochores. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 98. pp. 1–41. doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.07.001. ISBN 9780128122808. PMID 28942791.
  5. {{Acentric Fragment, In: Sydney Brenner and Jeffrey H. Miller, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Encyclopedia of Genetics, Academic Press, New York, 2001, Page 2, ISBN 978-0-12-227080-2, 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1750.}}
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