Moctezuma I

Moctezuma I (c. 1398–1469), also known as Moteuczomatzin Ilhuicamina (modern Nahuatl pronunciationⓘ), Huehuemoteuczoma or Montezuma I (Classical Nahuatl: Motēuczōma Ilhuicamīna [moteːkʷˈsoːma ilwikaˈmiːna], Classical Nahuatl: Huēhuemotēuczōma [weːwemoteːkʷˈsoːma]), was the second Aztec emperor and fifth king of Tenochtitlan. During his reign, the Aztec Empire was consolidated,[3] major expansion was undertaken, and Tenochtitlan started becoming the dominant partner of the Aztec Triple Alliance. Often mistaken for his popular descendant, Moctezuma II, Moctezuma I greatly contributed to the famed Aztec Empire that thrived until Spanish arrival, and he ruled over a period of peace from 1440 to 1453. Moctezuma brought social, economical, and political reform to strengthen Aztec rule, and Tenochtitlan benefited from relations with other cities.[4]

Moctezuma I
Moctezuma I in the Codex Mendoza
Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan
Reign1440–1469[1]
PredecessorItzcoatl
SuccessorAtotoztli II
Born1398
Died1469[2]
SpouseQueen Chichimecacihuatzin I
IssuePrincess Atotoztli II
Princess Chichimecacihuatzin II
Prince Iquehuacatzin
Prince Mahchimaleh
FatherEmperor Huitzilihuitl
MotherQueen Miahuaxihuitl

Ancestry

Moctezuma was the son of emperor Huitzilihuitl (meaning "Hummingbird Feather") and queen Miahuaxihuitl. He was a brother of Chimalpopoca, Tlacaelel I, and Huehue Zaca. He was the grandson of the first ruler of Tenochtitlan.[5] His name meant “he is angry like a lord” (from the root “tēuc-” [lord] combined with the reflexive verb “mo/zōma” [becomes angry]).[6]

Accession and coronation

After emperor Huitzilihuitl's death, Moctezuma's brother Chimalpopoca was ruler for ten years until his assassination. During his reign, Moctezuma and his brother Tlacaelel I led an opposition group of young nobles. This group was militant in nature and they chose Itzcoatl as the next ruler. Under Itzcoatl, Moctezuma and Tlacaelel were generals in his army.[5]

Moctezuma then was elected to power in 1440 by this group of nobles, at the age of 42, after the death of his half-uncle Itzcoatl. He held the title of "Great Speaker". This was distinguished from the title of "Speaker" since he spoke for both the Aztecs and the other peoples under their control.

His coronation[7] was a large ceremony, involving many human sacrifices of prisoners. Moctezuma was seated on a basketwork throne and was crowned by the ruler of Texoco. His crown was a turquoise diadem known as the fire crown.[5]

The coronation of Moctezuma I[8]

Reign

As tlatoani, Moctezuma solidified the alliance with two neighboring states, Tlacopan (a small city-state) and Texcoco. Tlacopan, located on the western shore of Lake Texcoco, controlled 7 city-states to the northwest, while Texcoco was located on the eastern shore and rule over 9 city-states in the northeast.[9] As the two regions were added to Moctezuma's empire, the Aztecs relied on already established city-states to increase military power. In this skillfully crafted Triple Alliance, 2/5ths of the spoils would go to Tenochtitlan and another 2/5ths to Texcoco, with the remaining 1/5 given to Tlacopan.[10]

Among the Aztecs' greatest achievements, Moctezuma and Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco organized the construction and completion of a double aqueduct pipe system,[11] supplying the city of Tenochtitlan with fresh water. The newly adopted water source provided an ample supply of fresh water to Texcoco's various communities, which extended over a distance of 12-kilometers from their lakeshore to the hills of Tetxcotxinco.

Early in his rule, he led a conquest against the state of Oaxaca in 1445.[12] Moctezuma also then went on to extend the boundaries of the Aztec empire beyond the Valley of México to the Gulf Coast, known as the "Sea of the Sky", for the first time, subjugating the Huastec people and Totonac peoples and thereby gaining access to exotic goods such as cocoa, rubber, cotton, fruits, feathers, and seashells.[12] The Aztec were then known as the "Neighbors of the Sea of the Sky", as they controlled all the territory up to the Gulf of Mexico.

Natural disasters

As a ruler, Moctezuma faced and overcame many natural disasters. In 1446, a swarm of locusts destroyed the region's crops[13] In 1449, Lake Texcoco flooded the city.[5] In 1450, a frost and drought again destroyed the region's crops. These droughts and frosts continued for four years.[13] The famines resulted in some selling their children[5] or themselves[13] into slavery, and the city lost most of its population. This drought resulted in Moctezuma's period of peace ending.[14]

Flower War
War between Tenochtitlan and Chalco[15]

After the famine ravaged through Aztec agricultural resources, a series of conflicts, known as the Flower War, involved the Triple Alliance, and the city-states of Huejotzingo, Tlaxcala, Cholula, in the Tlaxcala-Pueblan Valley of Central Mexico. Believing the famine to have occurred due to their gods' anger, Moctezuma supported the order for an increase of human sacrifices to please them.[16] Thus, began the war to accumulate as many victims as possible for sacrifice. The war lasted until Spanish Conquest in Mexico, where Spaniards recruited enemies of the Triple Alliance to conquer all of Mexico. In preparation for the war, Moctezuma would issue three declarations of war and provide weapons to the enemy region. If the last declaration was not accepted by the enemy region, then within 20 days the Aztecs would attack.

Expeditions as ruler

In about 1458, Moctezuma led an expedition into Mixtec territory against the city-state of Coixtlahuaca, the pretext being the mistreatment of Aztec merchants. Despite the support of contingents of Tlaxcala and Huexotzinco warriors, traditional enemies of the Aztecs, the Mixtecs were defeated. While most of the defeated princes were allowed to retain their positions, the Mixtec ruler Atonal was ritually strangled and his family was taken as slaves. The Codex Mendoza records that the tribute owed by Coixtlahuaca consisted of 2000 blankets (of 5 types), 2 military outfits with headdresses and shields, green gemstone beads, 800 bunches of green feathers, 40 bags of cochineal dye, and 20 bowls of gold dust. He took many girls from Coixtlahuaca and had ten harems all to himself. He stole three of them from his dead brother Huehue Zaca.[17] Similar campaigns were conducted against Cosamaloapan, Ahuilizapan (Orizaba), and Cuetlachtlan (Cotaxtla).

Map showing the expansion of the Aztec empire showing the areas conquered by the Aztec rulers. The conquests of Moctezuma is marked by the colour pink.[18]

Opposition to his reign

It is reported that Moctezuma's half brother Tlacaelel opposed his leadership in the early years. However, other historians report that he was once given the opportunity to rule and turned the opportunity down. He took over the empire in 1469 after the death of Moctezuma.[12]

Social, political, and economic reforms

While Moctezuma did lead conquests against others, he was able to maintain peace from 1440 to 1453 within his empire.[14] With this peace his government was able to enact social, political, and economic reforms.

He enacted codes, which determined what people of certain classes could wear and what their houses could look like. For example, only noblemen or great warriors could have a home with a second story. No one was allowed to have towers, because he claimed they could only be granted by the gods.

He also created legal and education policies that were determined by class. In the palace, different classes were to be received in different rooms. No mixing was allowed under the punishment of death. Only Moctezuma was allowed to give a death sentence, and all judges had to notify him of any death penalty rulings.[14] Religion was also emphasized, and religious schools were required in every neighborhood.[14]

Descendants and legacy

This Moctezuma was an ancestor of the famous Moctezuma II that met Hernan Cortez.[19]

Tlacaelel, Moctezuma's first successor, was succeeded by Moctezuma's cousin or son Axayacatl, who was 19 years old.[5][12] Moctezuma is also now used as a symbol of Mexican independence and resistance.[20] Moctezuma I is depicted much less than Moctezuma II in popular culture. However, one depiction is in the latest two installments of the Sid Meier's Civilization series. In this video game, Moctezuma is the leader of one of the playable civilizations, leading the Aztec Empire. In the latest installment (Civilization VI) one of his unique abilities is "Gifts for the Tlatoani", in which new luxury resources grant more amenities, as well as boosting Aztec units' combat strength. In game, the civilization is known for aggression and expansion.[21] Moctezuma is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.

Moctezuma is also seen as a "hero-god" by several Southwestern Native American tribes, especially the Tohono O'odham and Pueblo.[22] His legend is somewhat distinct from the actual historical figure, but shares elements of him and likely originated with tales of the real one. He is a somewhat ambiguous "Noah" figure, who is subservient to the Great Spirit.

See also

References

Citations
  1. Gómez, Juana Vázquez (1997). Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-313-30049-3.
  2. Winsor, Justin (1886). Narrative and Critical History of America: London: 1886-1889. Sampson Low, Marsten, Searle & Rivington. p. 148.
  3. "Aztec Empire - Dictionary definition of Aztec Empire | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  4. "The Mythology of the Aztecs and the Founding of Tenochtitlan". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  5. "Montezuma I" in Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., 322-324. Vol. 22. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Gale Virtual Reference Library (accessed February 22, 2018).
  6. Names Mexica Kings.
  7. "Portrait: Montezuma I sitting for his portrait carved in the rock at Chapultepec". library.artstor.org.libproxy2.usc.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  8. "Moctezuma I, the Fifth Aztec King (Reigned 1440–69)". 1585. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
  9. Berdan, Frances F. (2015). "Aztec Empire". The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe025. ISBN 9781118455074.
  10. Lee, Jongsoo (2008). The allure of Nezahualcoyotl: pre-Hispanic history, religion, and Nahua poetics. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  11. Bencze, Authors: Heidi King, Agnes. "Tenochtitlan | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2018-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. Knight, Judson. "Montezuma I." In Science and Its Times, edited by Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer, 89-90. Vol. 2, 700 to 1449. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library (accessed February 22, 2018).
  13. "Montezuma I - Dictionary definition of Montezuma I". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
  14. De Rojas, J. L. (2012). Tenochtitlan: Capital of the Aztec Empire. University Press of Florida.
  15. "Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, "El que se muestra enojado, el que flecha al cielo" (1440-1469)". Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  16. Hilkin, Liz. "Tarlton Law Library: Exhibit - Aztec and Maya Law: Introduction". tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  17. Smith (2003, p. 161).
  18. Map based on Hassig (1988)
  19. Townsend, Camilla (2019). Fifth sun: a new history of the Aztecs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-067306-2.
  20. Dunitz, Robin J. Street Gallery: a guide to 1000 Los Angeles Murals. Los Angeles, CA: RJD Enterprises, c1993;
  21. "Pre-order 'Civilization VI' and get Montezuma and the Aztecs as a bonus". Digital Trends. 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
  22. Read, Benjamin (1926-07-01). "The Last Word on "Montezuma"". University of New Mexico's Digital Repository. Archived from the original on 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2022-05-10.

Sources
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