Montreal International Musical Competition
The Concours musical international de Montréal (CMIM) is an elite-level competition for classical musicians who are interested in pursuing an international career as a professional concert artist. Established in 2001 by the late André Bourbeau and by the late French-Canadian bass Joseph Rouleau, the CMIM features three disciplines - voice, violin and piano - on a rotating basis over a three-year cycle.
The CMIM is composed of four rounds: the preliminary round (based on video recordings), the first round, the semi-finals and the finals.[1] Award winners receive prizes and grants valued at over $150,000. The 2023 edition, which will take place from April 22 to May 4, 2023, will be dedicated to the Violin, followed by the Piano edition in 2024 and the Voice edition in 2025.[2]
André Bourbeau was the president of the Competition since its first edition in 2002 and was succeeded by François R. Roy in 2018.
Since May 2004, the CMIM has been a member of the World Federation of International Music Competitions.[3]
Editions
2023
The twenty-second edition of the CMIM was dedicated to violin. First prize was won by Dmytro Udovychenko.
Laureates
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | Dmytro Udovychenko |  Ukraine |
| Second | SongHa Choi |  South Korea |
| Third | SooBeen Lee | South Korea |
| Finalist | Nathan Meltzer |  United States |
| Finalist | Michael Shaham |  Israel |
| Finalist | Ruslan Talas |  Kazakhstan |
Special prizes
| Prize | Winner | Country |
|---|---|---|
| ICI Musique's People's Choice Award | SongHa Choi | South Korea |
| André-Bourbeau Award for the best Canadian artist | Not attributed | |
| Sonata Award for the best performance of a sonata in the Semi-final round | SongHa Choi | South Korea |
| André-Bachand Award for the best performance of the imposed Canadian work, L'inconnu.e bouleversant.e by Luna Pearl Woolf | SongHa Choi | South Korea |
| Award for the best performance of a work by J.S. Bach | Dmytro Udovychenko | Ukraine |
| Award for the best performance of a virtuosic work | Yesong Sophie Lee | United States |
| Bita Cattelan Philanthropic Engagement Award | Aaron Chan | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada /  China |
| CMIM grants awarded to the three unranked finalists | Nathan Meltzer Michael Shaham Ruslan Talas | United States Israel Kazakhstan |
| John Newmark Prize for the Best Collaborative Pianist | Umi Garrett | United States |
2022
The twenty-first edition of the CMIM was dedicated to voice and featured two divisions - aria and art song. First prize in Aria was won by Simone McIntosh. First prize in Art Song was won by Meredith Wohlgemuth.
Laureates
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | Simone McIntosh | Canada |
| Second | Sarah Dufresne | Canada |
| Third | Valerie Eickhoff |  Germany |
| Finalist | Nils Wanderer | Germany |
| Finalist | Hugo Laporte | Canada |
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | Meredith Wohlgemuth | United States |
| Second | Harriet Burns |  United Kingdom |
| Third | Bryan Murray | United States |
Special prizes
| Prize | Winner | Country |
|---|---|---|
| ICI Musique People's Choice Award - Aria | Nils Wanderer | Germany |
| ICI Musique People's Choice Award - Art Song | Deepa Johnny | Canada |
| Best Canadian Artist Award - Aria | Simone McIntosh | Canada |
| Best Canadian Artist Award - Art Song | Deepa Johnny | Canada |
| Opera Aria Award | Simone McIntosh | Canada |
| French Art Song Award | Meredith Wohlgemuth | United States |
| German Lied Award | Harriet Burns | United Kingdom |
| John Newmark Award for best collaborative pianist | Jinhee Park | South Korea |
| Bita Cattelan Philanthropic Engagement Award | Adanya Dunn |  Bulgaria / Canada |
| André Bachand Award for the Best Performance of a Canadian Work | Michael Lafferty | United Kingdom |
| Montreal students' coup de coeur Prize | Simone McIntosh
Sarah Dufresne |
Canada Canada |
| CMIM grants awarded to two unranked finalists | Nils Wanderer
Hugo Laporte |
Germany Canada |
2021
The twentieth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to piano. First prize was won by Su Yeon Kim, from South Korea.
Laureates
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | Su Yeon Kim | South Korea |
| Second | Yoichiro Chiba |  Japan |
| Third | Dimitri Malignan |  France |
| Finalist | Alice Burla | Canada |
| Finalist | Francesco Granata |  Italy |
| Finalist | Ying Li | China |
| Finalist | Chaeyoung Park | South Korea |
| Finalist | Marcel Tadokoro | France |
Special prizes
| Prize | Winner | Country |
|---|---|---|
| ICI Musique Audience Award | Dimitri Malignan | France |
| André-Bourbeau Award for the best Canadian artist | Alice Burla | Canada |
| Bita Cattelan Philanthropic Engagement Award | Anna Han | United States |
| André-Bachand Award for the best performance of the compulsory Canadian work | Alice Burla | Canada |
| Festival Bach Montréal Award for the best performance of a work by J.S. Bach | Dimitri Malignan | France |
| CMIM grants awarded to the five unranked finalists | Alice Bural Francesco Granata Ying Li Chaeyoung Park Marcel Tadokoro | Canada Italy Ying Li
|
2020
The COVID-19 confinement and closing of international borders prevented this nineteenth edition of the CMIM to be held. Instead, every day from May 4 to May 18, 2020, from their respective locations, the selected competitors performed short recitals, in anticipation of the competition, which was postponed to 2021.
2019
The eighteenth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to violin. First prize was won by Hao Zhou.
Laureates
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | Hao Zhou | United States |
| Second | Johanna Pichlmair |  Austria |
| Third | Fumika Mohri | Japan |
| Finalist | Elli Choi | United States / South Korea |
| Finalist | Anna Lee | United States / South Korea |
| Finalist | Christine Lim | United States / South Korea |
Special prizes
| Prize | Winner | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Radio-Canada People's Choice Award | Hao Zhou | United States |
| André-Bourbeau Award for the best Canadian artist | Not attributed | |
| Sonata Award for the best performance of a sonata in the semi-finals | Anna Lee | United States / South Korea |
| André-Bachand Award for the best performance of the compulsory Canadian work, Stand Alone by Michael Oesterle | Johanna Pichlmair | Austria |
| Montreal Bach Festival Award for the best performance of a work by J.S. Bach | Johanna Pichlmair | Austria |
| CMIM grants awarded to the three unranked finalists | Elli Choi Yejin Noh Jinhyung Park | United States United States / South Korea United States / South Korea |
2018
The seventeenth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to voice and featured two divisions - aria and art song. First prize in Aria was won by Mario Bahg. First prize in Art Song was won by John Brancy.
Laureates
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | Mario Bahg | South Korea |
| Second | Emily D'Angelo | Canada |
| Third | Konstantin Lee | South Korea |
| Finalist | John Brancy | United States |
| Finalist | Mikhail Golovushkin |  Russia |
| Finalist | Andrew Haji | Canada |
Main Prizes - Art Song
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | John Brancy | United States |
| Second | Julien Van Mellaerts | New Zealand/United Kingdom |
| Third | Clara Osowksi | United States |
| Finalist | Gemma Summerfield | United Kingdom |
Special prizes
| Prize | Winner | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Radio-Canada People's Choice Award - Aria | Emily D'Angelo | Canada |
| Radio-Canada's People Choice Award - Art Song | Clara Osowksi | United States |
| Best Canadian Artist Award - Aria | Emily D'Angelo | Canada |
| Best Canadian Artist Award - Art Song | Rihab Chaieb | Canada |
| Opera Aria Award | Mario Bahg | South Korea |
| Oratorio Award | Andrew Haji | Canada |
| French Mélodie Award | John Brancy | United States |
| Lied Award | Julien Van Mellaerts | New Zealand/United Kingdom |
| John Newmark Award for best collaborative pianist | Joao Araujo | Portugal |
2017
The sixteenth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to piano. The Grand prize was won by Zoltan Fejervari.
Laureates
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | Zoltán Fejévári |  Hungary |
| Second | Giuseppe Guarrera | Italy |
| Third | Stefano Andreatta | Italy |
| Finalist | Albert Cano Smit |  Spain |
| Finalist | Yejin Noh | South Korea |
| Finalist | Jinhyung Park | South Korea |
Special prizes
| Prize | Winner | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Radio-Canada People's Choice Award | Giuseppe Guarrera | Italy |
| André-Bachand Award for the best performance of the compulsory Canadian work in the semifinals | Giuseppe Guarrera | Italy |
| Award for the best semifinal recital | Giuseppe Guarrera | Italy |
| Chopin Award for the most outstanding performance of a work for solo keyboard by Frédéric Chopin | Giuseppe Guarrera | Italy |
| Bach Award for the most outstanding performance of a work for solo keyboard by J.S. Bach | Giuseppe Guarrera | Italy |
| CMIM grants awarded to the three unranked finalists | Albert Cano Smit Yejin Noh Jinhyung Park | Spain / Netherlands South Korea South Korea |
2016
The fifteenth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to violin. The Grand Prize was won by Ayana Tsuji.[5]
Laureates
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
|---|---|---|
| First | Ayana Tsuji | Japan |
| Second | Bomsori Kim | South Korea |
| Third | Minami Yoshida | Japan |
| Finalist | Petteri Iivonen |  Finland |
| Finalist | Ji Won Song | South Korea |
| Finalist | Fedor Rudin | Russia |
Special prizes[5]
| Prize | Winner | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Radio-Canada People's Choice Award | Bomsori Kim | South Korea |
| André-Bachand Award for the best performance of the compulsory Canadian work in the semifinals | Ayana Tsuji | Japan |
| Award for the best semifinal recital | Ayana Tsuji | Japan |
| Award for the best performance of a Sonata in the semifinal round | Ayana Tsuji | Japan |
| Bach Award for the best performance of a work by J.S. Bach in the quarter-final round | Ayana Tsuji | Japan |
| Paganini Award for the best performance of a Caprice by Paganini in the quarter-final round | Ayana Tsuji | Japan |
| CMIM grants awarded to the three unranked finalists | Petteri Iivonen Fedor Rudin Ji Won Song | Finland France Russia South Korea |
2015
The fourteenth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to voice. The Grand Prize was won by Keonwoo Kim.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2014 Montreal International Musical Competition | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country | Vocal Range |
| First | Keonwoo Kim | South Korea | Tenor |
| Second | Hera Hyesang Park | South Korea | Soprano |
| Third | France Bellemare | Canada | Soprano |
| Finalist | Anaïs Constans | France | Soprano |
| Finalist | Vasil Garvanliev |  Macedonia | Baritone |
| Finalist | Takaoki Onishi | Japan | Baritone |
Special prizes
- Radio-Canada People's Choice Award
- Hera Hyesang Park (soprano), South Korea
- André Bourbeau Award for the Best Canadian Artist
- France Bellemare (soprano), Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Award for the Best Artist from Quebec
- France Bellemare (soprano), Canada
- Award for the best semi-final recital
- Anaïs Constans (soprano), France
2014
The thirteenth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to piano. The Grand Prize was won by Jayson Gillham.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2014 Montreal International Musical Competition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
| First | Jayson Gillham | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia / United Kingdom |
| Second | Charles Richard-Hamelin | Canada |
| Third | Annika Treutler | Germany |
| Finalist | Kate Liu | United States |
| Finalist | Xiaoyu Liu | Canada |
| Finalist | Alexander Ullman | United Kingdom |
Special prizes
- Radio-Canada People's Choice Award
- Jayson Gillham, Australia/United Kingdom
- Award for the Best Performance of the Compulsory Canadian Work
- Jayson Gillham, Australia/United Kingdom
- André Bourbeau Award for the Best Canadian Artist
- Charles Richard Hamelin
2013
The twelfth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to violin. The Grand Prize was won by Marc Bouchkov.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2013 Montreal International Musical Competition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
| First | Marc Bouchkov | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Belgium |
| Second | Stephen Waarts | United States |
| Third | Zeyu Victor Li | China |
| Finalist | Chi Li |  Taiwan |
| Finalist | Ji Young Lim | South Korea |
| Finalist | Fédor Roudine | France |
Special prizes
- Radio-Canada People's Choice Award
- Stephen Waarts, United States
- Award for the Best Performance of the Compulsory Canadian Work
- Luke Hsu, United States
- Wilder & Davis Award for the best semi-final recital
- Marc Bouchkov, Belgium
2012
The eleventh edition of the Montreal International Musical Competition was dedicated to voice. The Grand Prize was won by Philippe Sly.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2012 Montreal International Musical Competition | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country | Vocal Range |
| First | Philippe Sly | Canada | Bass Baritone |
| Second | Olga Kindler | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Switzerland | Soprano |
| Third | John Brancy | United States | Baritone |
| Finalist | Won Whi Choi | South Korea | Tenor |
| Finalist | Emily Duncan-Brown | Canada | Soprano |
| Finalist | Yuri Gorodetski |  Belarus | Tenor |
| Finalist | Sidney Outlaw | United States | Baritone |
| Finalist | Andréanne Paquin | Canada | Soprano |
Special prizes
- Radio-Canada People's Choice Award
- Philippe Sly (bass baritone), Canada
- Award for the Best Performance of the Compulsory Canadian Work
- Philippe Sly (bass baritone), Canada
- Award for the Best Canadian Artist
- Philippe Sly (bass baritone), Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Award for the Best Artist from Quebec
- Philippe Sly (bass baritone), Canada
- Atma Classique Award for a CD Recording
- Yuri Gorodetski (tenor), Belarus
2011
The tenth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to piano. The Grand Prize was won by Beatrice Rana.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2011 Montreal International Musical Competition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
| First | Beatrice Rana | Italy |
| Second | Lindsay Garritson | United States |
| Third | Henry Kramer | United States |
| Finalist | Yulia Chaplina | Russia |
| Finalist | Zheeyoung Moon | South Korea |
| Finalist | Jong Ho Won | South Korea |
Special prizes
- Radio-Canada People's Choice Award
- Beatrice Rana, Italy
- Award for the Best Performance of the Compulsory Canadian Work
- Beatrice Rana, Italy
- Award for the Best Canadian Artist
- Tina Chong, Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Award for the Best Artist from Quebec
- Steven Massicotte, Canada
2010
The ninth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to violin. The Grand Prize was won by Benjamin Beilman.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2010 Montreal International Musical Competition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
| First | Benjamin Beilman | United States |
| Second | Korbinian Altenberger | Germany |
| Third | Nikita Borisoglebsky | Russia |
| Finalist | Noah Bendix-Balgley | United States |
| Finalist | Jaeyoung Kim | South Korea |
| Finalist | Kyoko Yonemoto | Japan |
Special prizes
- Radio-Canada People's Choice Award
- Benjamin Beilman, United States
- Award for the Best Canadian Artist
- Nikki Chooi, Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Award for the Best Artist from Quebec
- Boson Mo, Canada
- Award for the Best Performance of the Compulsory Canadian Work
- Nikita Borisoglebsky (Baritone), Russia
2009
The eighth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to voice. The Grand Prize was won by Angela Meade.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2009 Montreal International Musical Competition | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country | Vocal Range |
| First | Angela Meade | United States | Soprano |
| Second | Yannick-Muriel Noah | Canada | Soprano |
| Third | Andrew Garland | United States | Baritone |
Special prizes
- "Tribute to André Turp" (People's Choice Award)
- Angela Meade (Soprano), United States
- Award for the Best Canadian Artist
- Yannick-Muriel Noah (Soprano), Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Prize (Best Candidate from Quebec)
- Charlotte Corwin(Soprano), Canada
- Best performance of the Compulsory Canadian Work Award
- Andrew Garland (Baritone), United States
2008
The seventh edition of the CMIM was dedicated to piano. The Grand Prize was won by Nareh Arghamanyan.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2008 Montreal International Musical Competition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
| First | Nareh Arghamanyan |  Armenia |
| Second (ex aequo) | Alexandre Moutouzkine | Russia |
| Second (ex aequo) | Masataka Takada | Japan |
Special prizes
- Award for the Best Performance of the Compulsory Canadian Work
- Nareh Arghamanyan, Armenia
- People's Choice Award "Tribute to Yvonne Hubert"
- Nareh Arghamanyan, Armenia
- Joseph Rouleau Award for the Best Artist from Quebec
- Marie-Hélène Trempe, Canada
- Award for the Best Canadian Artist
- Sergei Saratovsky, Canada
2007
The sixth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to voice. The Grand Prize was won by Marianne Fiset.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2006 Montreal International Musical Competition | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country | Vocal range |
| First | Marianne Fiset | Canada | Soprano |
| Second | Steven Ebel | United States | Tenor |
| Third | Evgenia Grekova | Russia | Soprano |
| Fourth | Julie Boulianne | Canada | Mezzo-soprano |
| Fifth | Leticia Brewer | Canada | Soprano |
| Sixth | Peter Barrett | Canada | Baritone |
Special prizes
- "Tribute to Leopold Simoneau" (People's Choice Award)
- Marianne Fiset (Soprano), Canada
- Jean A. Chalmers Award (Best Canadian Candidate)
- Marianne Fiset (Soprano), Canada
- Poulenc French Song Award (Best French Song performance by a Candidate)
- Marianne Fiset (Soprano), Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Prize (Best Candidate from Quebec)
- Marianne Fiset (Soprano), Canada
- Best performance of the Compulsory Canadian Work Award
- Susanne Ellen Kirchesch (Soprano), Germany
2006
The fifth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to violin. The Grand Prize was won by Jinjoo Cho.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2006 Montreal International Musical Competition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
| First | Jinjoo Cho | South Korea |
| Second | Ye-Eun Choi | South Korea |
| Third | Marcus Tanneberger (German) | Germany |
| Fourth | Corinne Chapelle | United States |
| Fifth | Mayuko Kamio | Japan |
| Sixth | Dan Zhu | China |
Special prizes
- "Tribute to Gilles Lefebvre" (People's Choice Award)
- Jinjoo Cho, South Korea
- CBC Galaxie Rising Stars Award (Best Canadian Candidate)
- Nikki Chooi, Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Prize (Best Candidate from Quebec)
- Jean-Sébastien Roy, Canada
- Best Interpretation of the Compulsory Canadian Work Award
- Ye-Eun Choi, South Korea
2005
The fourth edition of the CMIM was dedicated to voice. The Grand Prize was won by Sin Nyung Hwang.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2005 Montreal International Musical Competition | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Place | Competitor | Country | Vocal Range |
| First | Sin Nyung Hwang | South Korea | Soprano |
| Second | Peter McGillivray | Canada | Baritone |
| Third | Elena Xanthoudakis | Australia | Soprano |
| Fourth (ex aequo) | Phillip Addis | Canada | Baritone |
| Fourth (ex aequo) | Anna Kasyan | Armenia | Soprano |
| Sixth | Chantal Dionne | Canada | Soprano |
Special prizes
- "Tribute to Richard Verreau" (People's Choice Award)
- Lauren Skuce (Soprano), United States
- Jean A. Chalmers Award (Best Canadian Candidate)
- Peter McGillivray (Baritone), Canada
- CBC Galaxie Rising Stars Award (Best opera performance by a Canadian)
- Phillip Addis (Baritone), Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Prize (Best Candidate from Quebec)
- Phillip Addis (Baritone), Canada
- Best Interpretation of the Compulsory Canadian Work Award
- Elena Xanthoudakis (Soprano), Australia
2004
The third edition of the CMIM was dedicated to piano. The Grand Prize was won by Serhiy Salov.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2004 Montreal International Musical Competition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
| First | Sergei Salov | Ukraine |
| Second | David Fray | France |
| Third | Daria Rabotkina | Russia |
| Fourth | Spencer Myer | United States |
| Fifth | Natalia Zagalskaia | Russia |
| Sixth | Darrett Zusko | Canada |
Special prizes
- "Tribute to André Mathieu" (People's Choice Award)
- Sergei Solov, Ukraine
- CBC Galaxie Rising Stars Award (Best Canadian Candidate)
- Darrett Zusko, Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Prize (Best Candidate from Quebec)
- Matthieu Fortin, Canada
- Best Interpretation of the Unpublished Compulsory Work Award
- David Fray, France
2003
The second edition of the CMIM was dedicated to violin. The First Prize was won by Yossif Ivanov.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2003 Montreal International Musical Competition | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country |
| First | Yossif Ivanov | Belgium |
| Second | Alexis Cardenas | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Venezuela |
| Third | Matthieu Arama | France |
| Fourth | Nicolas Koeckert | Germany |
| Fifth | Oleg Kashiv | Ukraine |
| Sixth | Julia Sakharova | Russia |
Special prizes
- "Tribute to Arthur LeBlanc" (People's Choice Award)
- Alexis Cardenas, Venezuela
- CBC Galaxie Rising Stars Award (Best Canadian Candidate)
- Sarah Pratt, Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Prize (Best Candidate from Quebec)
- Jean-Sébastien Roy, Canada
- Best Interpretation of the Unpublished Compulsory Work Award
- Diana Galvydyte, Lithuania
2002
The inaugural CMIM was dedicated to voice. The First Prize was won by Measha Brueggergosman.
Laureates
| Laureates of the 2002 Montreal International Musical Competition | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Competitor | Country | Vocal Range |
| First | Measha Brueggergosman | Canada | Soprano |
| Second | Burak Bilgili |  Turkey | Bass |
| Third | Joseph Kaiser | Canada | Baritone |
| Fourth | Mélanie Boisvert | Canada | Soprano |
| Fifth | Daesan No | South Korea | Baritone |
| Sixth | John Matz | United States | Tenor |
Special prizes
- People's Award
- Measha Brueggergosman (Soprano), Canada
- Jean A. Chalmers Award (Best Canadian Candidate)
- Measha Brueggergosman (Soprano), Canada
- Joseph Rouleau Prize (Best Candidate from Quebec)
- Joseph Kaiser (Baritone), Canada
- Best Interpretation of the Unpublished Compulsory Work Award
- Measha Brueggergosman (Soprano), Canada
References
- "About the CMIM". Montreal International Musical Festival. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- "Home". Montreal International Musical Competition. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- "Montreal International Musical Competition (MIMC)". World Federation of International Music Competitions. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- "Archives". Montreal International Musical Competition. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- "AYANA TSUJI TRIUMPHS AT THE CMIM 2016". Concours musical international de Montréal.
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