Moscow Art Theatre

At the end of the 19th-century, Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko both wanted to reform Russian theatre to high-quality art that was available to the general public. They set about creating a private theatre over which they had total control (as opposed to trying to reform the government-operated Maly Theatre, a move which would have given them far less artistic freedom). On 22 June 1897, the two men met for the first time at the Slavyanski Bazar for a lunch that started at 2 PM and did not end until 8 AM the next morning.[1]

Their differences proved to be complementary, and they agreed to initially divide power over the theatre, with Nemirovich in charge of the literary decisions and Stanislavski in charge of all production decisions. Stanislavski interviewed all his actors, making sure they were hard working and devoted as well as talented. He made them live together in common housing for months at a time to foster community and trust, which he believed would raise the quality of their performances. Stanislavski's system, in which he trained actors via the acting studios he founded as part of the theatre, became central to every production the theatre put on.[2] The system played a huge influence in the development of method acting.

Stanislavski and Danchenko's initial goal of having an “open theatre,” one that anyone could afford to attend, was quickly destroyed when they could neither obtain adequate funding from private investors, nor from the Moscow City Council.[3]

The Theatre's first season included works by Aleksey Tolstoy (Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich), Henrik Ibsen, and William Shakespeare, but it wasn't until it staged Anton Chekhov's four major works, beginning with its production of The Seagull in 1898, with Stanislavski in the role of Trigorin, that the theatre achieved fame.

After Chekhov's death in 1904, the theatre experienced a huge changeover; Chekhov had envisioned fellow playwright and friend Maxim Gorki as his successor as the Theatre's leading dramatist, but Nemirovich and Stanislavski's reaction to his play Summerfolk was unenthusiastic, causing Gorki to leave. He took with him Savva Morozov, one of the theatre's main investors at the time.[4]

Now in dire straits, the theatre decided to accept invitations to go on an international tour in 1906, which started in Berlin and included Dresden, Frankfurt, Prague, and Vienna. The tour was a huge success, gaining the theatre international acclaim. However, the sudden change in fortune did not completely quell the company's internal strife; Stanislavski appointed friends to the theatre's management without consulting Nemirovich and opened studios attached to the theatre where he began to implement his acting system, cementing Nemirovich's fears that the theatre was becoming a mere extension of Stanislavski's own ideas and work. The tension between the two led Stanislavski to abandon his duties as a board member and to relinquish all his power over policy decisions.[5]

The theatre continued to thrive after the October Revolution of 1917 and was one of the foremost state-supported theatres of the Soviet Union, with an extensive repertoire of leading Russian and Western playwrights. Although several revolutionary groups saw it as an irrelevant marker of pre-revolutionary culture, the theatre was initially granted support by Vladimir Lenin, a frequent patron of the Art Theatre himself. Mikhail Bulgakov wrote several plays for the MAT and satirised the organisation mercilessly in his Theatrical Novel. Isaac Babel's Sunset was also performed there during the 1920s. A significant number of Moscow Art Theatre's actors were awarded the prestigious title of People's Artist of the USSR. Many actors became nationally known and admired thanks to their film roles. However, the Civil War saw many of the theatre's actors being cut off from Moscow, and the support it received from the government diminished under Lenin's New Economic Policy. The subsidies it had come to rely on were withdrawn and the theatre was forced to survive on its own profits. By 1923, the MAT was in $25,000 debt.

The theatre experienced further blows through the end of the 1930s. Stanislavski's heart attack onstage during a production of Three Sisters in 1928 led to his almost complete withdrawal from the theatre, while the Stalinist climate began to suppress artistic expression and controlled more and more what could be performed. A "red director" was appointed to the management by the government to ensure that the MAT's activities were not counter-revolutionary and that they served the Communist cause. As Russia began a period of rapid industrialization, so too was the MAT encouraged to increase production at the expense of quality, with more and more hastily produced plays going up each season. Plays had to be officially approved, and the Theatre's artistic integrity started to decline.

The theatre was officially renamed The Gorky Moscow Art Theatre in 1932.[6] Desperate not to lose support, Stanislavski tried to appease Stalin by accepting his political limitations on what could be performed while retaining his devotion to naturalistic theatre. As a result, the mid-20th century incarnation of the Moscow Art Theatre took a stylistic turn towards Socialist Realism, which would affect its productions for decades.

It was not until autumn of 1970 that Oleg Yefremov, an actor, producer, and former student of the Moscow Art Theatre Studios who wanted Russia to once again be a major contender in the theatre world, took over control of the theatre and began to reform it. By the time he arrived to save it, the company was made up of only 150 actors, many of whom were out of practice. Yefremov began to reinstate Stanislavski's traditions, including emphasizing the importance of the studio and of the system, as well as interviewing every single candidate with special emphasis and attention placed on work ethic.[7]

In 1987, the theatre split into two troupes: the Chekhov Moscow Art Theatre (artistic director Oleg Yefremov) and the Gorky Moscow Art Theatre (artistic director Tatiana Doronina).

From left to right: Ivan Moskvin, Konstantin Stanislavski, Feodor Chaliapin, Vasili Kachalov, Saveli Sorine, in the US in 1923.

• Konstantin Stanislavski (artistic director until 1934) and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko (executive director and later artistic director until his death in 1943)
• Nikolai Khmelyov (artistic director since 1943 until his death in 1945) and Ivan Moskvin (executive director since 1943 until his death in 1946)
• Mikhail Kedrov (since 1946 until 1949, then chief director until 1955 when the post was abolished)
• Artistic council of the theatre (since 1949 until 1955)
• Viktor Stanitsyn, Boris Livanov, Mikhail Kedrov, and Vladimir Bogomolov (since 1955 until 1970)
• Oleg Yefremov (since 1970 until the troupe was split in 1987)

What follows is a full chronological list of MAT productions[8]

Playwright Maurice Maeterlinck, whose play The Blue Bird, made its worldwide debut at the theatre

1899

• Antigone, by Sophocles
• Hedda Gabler, by Henrik Ibsen
• The Death of Ivan the Terrible, by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
• Twelfth Night, by William Shakespeare
• Drayman Henschel, by Gerhart Hauptmann
• Uncle Vanya, by Anton Chekhov
• Lonely People, by Gerhart Hauptmann

A Russian Stamp depicting The Government Inspector, by Nikolai Gogol, which played at MAT

1905

• Children of the Sun, Maxim Gorky

A scene from Chekhovs The Cherry Orchard

• MAT production of The Seagull (1898)
• MAT production of Hamlet (1911–12)
• Studio Six Theater Company

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscow Art Theatre.

• Official website of the Chekhov Moscow Art Theatre
• Official website of the Gorky Moscow Art Theatre
• Chekhov Moscow Art Theatre's channel on YouTube
• "The Moscow Art Theatre: A Model", a 1917 article by N. Ostrovsky.
• Victor Manyukov, Vladimir Prokofyev, Angelina Stepanova, and Vasily Toporkov discuss the Moscow Art Theatre and working with Stanislavski at a 1964 Symposium in New York City. Listen at The WNYC Archives.

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