Film censorship in the United Kingdom

Film censorship in the United Kingdom began with early cinema exhibition becoming subject to the Disorderly Houses Act 1751.[1] The Cinematograph Act 1909 was primarily concerned with introducing annual licensing of premises where films were shown, particularly because of the fire risk of nitrate film.[2]: 497  After the Act began to be used by local authorities to control what was shown, the film industry responded by establishing a British Board of Film Censors (BBFC) in 1912, funded by an Incorporated Association of Kinematograph Manufacturers levy.[2]: 499 

Example of a BBFC certificate

The Cinematograph Exhibitors Association sought to have the BBFC film certification recognised over local decision-making. The case of Mills v London City Council in 1925 (1 KB 213) established that a Council could make its licensing conditional on the exhibitor complying with the BBFC certification.[3] Local Councils did continue to refuse showing of particular films which had been certificated by the BBFC: examples are the bans on The Devils[4] and Life of Brian[5] in Glasgow.

Currently, Section 4 of the Video Recordings Act 2010 (previously the act of 1984) requires that videos for sale in the UK should be certified by an authority.[6] The BBFC (by this time renamed as British Board of Film Classification) became that designated authority in 1985.[7] The film censorship that exists in the UK today is in the form of an Age-Rating system, which is an advisory tool used by local councils when deciding to grant viewing permission to film productions.[8]

List of banned films
See also: List of works rejected by the BBFC
Date banned Title Explanation
1913–1914 £1,000 Reward Produced by the Anchor Film Company in 1913, starring and directed by Harold Heath. It was filmed in quarries on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, and depicted an escape from the nearby Convict Prison. The Home Office ruled that the film must not be shown publicly, presumably believing it would give real prisoners ideas.[9]
1918–1996 The Life Story of David Lloyd George This biopic was abandoned in post-production, and the unedited rolls of original camera negative were shelved until their accidental rediscovery in 1994, which led to the film being restored by, in effect, editing the film as it would have been had the production process not been interrupted. It is believed that the rapid decline in Lloyd George's popularity during the shooting period led to fears that the film would meet a hostile reception if released, and that as a result, the leadership of the Liberal Party engineered its suppression.[10]
1925–1929 The Phantom of the Opera Banned because it was too horrifying for general distribution.[11]
1926–1954 Battleship Potemkin Banned because of "inflammatory subtitles and Bolshevist Propaganda". The film was exhibited in private showings and in certain localities. Unbanned after the death of Joseph Stalin.[12][13][14]
1931 The Miracle Woman Briefly banned because of its attack on Christian hypocrisy.[15]
1932–1963 Freaks Rejected by British censors and banned due to disturbing content and again in 1952 for a cinema rating certificate. Available from 1963 - passed with an X rating.[16]
1932–1958 Island of Lost Souls Submitted to and refused a certificate by the British Board of Film Censors in 1933, 1951, and 1957, primarily due to concerns over the horrific scenes of vivisection and being against the natural order of things, combined with sexual and racial themes. It is likely that the 1951 and 1957 refusals were informed by concern that distribution of the film would constitute an offence under the Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937. The film's ban in the UK was lifted in 1958, in the 1958 re-release, the censors cut the entirety of Laughton's death scene. The uncut version of the film was finally re-released in 2012.[17][18]
1933 The Mad Doctor This Mickey Mouse short was banned on its initial release because of its horror atmosphere.[19]
1934 Red Hot Mamma On its initial release this Betty Boop animated short was banned for depicting Hell in a humoristic manner, which was deemed blasphemous.[20]
1953–present I Vinti Refused a certificate by the British Board of Film Censors in 1954, and never subsequently resubmitted for theatrical or home release since.[21]
1954–1967 The Wild One Banned from distribution in the United Kingdom until 1967 as the censors felt the film encouraged criminal activity and antisocial behavior.[18][22]
1958–1995 Glen or Glenda This Ed Wood film was rejected/banned from distribution in the United Kingdom due to its trans-related subject matter.[23] In 1981, it was distributed and reviewed in the Monthly Film Bulletin under the title "I Had Two Lives", and in 1995, it was released on VHS uncut with a 15 rating.
1960–1968 Black Sunday Mario Bava's film was banned due to its violent content until 1968.[24]
1963–1990 Shock Corridor This Samuel Fuller film was initially banned on multiple counts but mainly because the film "presents a mental hospital in a light that would be considered objectionable in this country", which BBFC secretary John Trevelyan felt was offensive to "people who have friends and relatives with mental illness". The BBFC subsequently received a letter from the distributors who objected the film's ban and tried to make 'minor deletions' to the film in order to make it acceptable, but the film was still rejected. Subsequent attempts to release the film were rejected in 1966 and 1968, but the Greater London Council passed the film with an X certificate in 1969. The film was later passed at an uncut 15 certificate on home video in 1990.[25]
1964–present 491 This controversial drama was banned for a 1964 release.[26]
1964–1990 The Naked Kiss This Samuel Fuller crime film was initially banned, but was later given an uncut release for a 1990 home video release, with an 18 certificate.[27]
1965–1968 Onibaba Originally banned in 1965, but a cut version was allowed with an X certificate in 1968. All versions have been released uncut since the 1994 VHS release.[28]
1966–1972 The Wild Angels This Peter Fonda motorbike film was banned in 1966, but was cut for a 1972 cinema release. Later uncut for VHS version and onward.[29]
1968–2002 The Trip Roger Corman's film was banned due to the overall film condoning and glamorizing the use of LSD. The film was rejected by the BBFC four times between 1968 and 1988. It was not released in Britain until 2002.[30][31]
1969–2011 Untitled Ken Loach Save the Children Fund film In 1969, Ken Loach was commissioned by the Save the Children Fund charity to make an hour-long documentary promoting its work. Upon viewing the rough cut, the charity's executives refused to sanction the film's distribution or broadcast in the belief that it was a negative portrayal of their organisation. The dispute resulted in a court ruling to the effect that the film's master elements be preserved in the National Film and Television Archive, but that no access be allowed without Save the Children's permission. Following negotiations between the British Film Institute and Save the Children, the first public screening of the film took place at London's National Film Theatre in August 2011. Though never formally titled, the film is cataloged in the BFI's records as The Save the Children Fund Film.[32][33]
1969–2007 99 Women Banned originally in 1969 under the title Ninety Nine Women. Passed in 2007 with a minute cut due to animal cruelty.[34]
1969–1993 Django Banned due to concerns over "the excessive violence in the film & the moral tone", and was rejected after the distributor refused to make cuts. Was released uncut with an 18 certificate for the 1993 Arthouse VHS, and then at a 15 certificate for the 2004 Argent DVD.[35]
1970–1971 Bloody Mama Initially banned in 1970, a cut version was passed in 1971 for general cinema release, and was passed uncut in 2009.[36]
1971–1972 Trash This Paul Morrissey film was banned because of its drugs theme, and the potential harm it could have (mainly the encouragement of drug use among young people) because of it. A censored version was later passed in 1972, which the distributor claimed was "cinematic history down the drain", but then ironically cut more material out of the film for the film's release, on the ground that the censored material was "either boring or possibly distasteful". Both BBFC and distributor cuts added to a total of 11 minutes. These cuts were mostly waived for future releases, and the film was finally released uncut in 2005.[37]
1971–2002 Straw Dogs Originally rated X for the cinema with cuts in 1971, there was no immediate attempt to apply for a home video certificate following the passing of the Video Recordings Act 1984 due to scenes of sexual violence being "positively" depicted. Two attempts of distributing the edited American version of the film were both rejected by the BBFC in 1999. The MPAA-mandated cuts reduced the length of the rape scene, and the second rape that was removed for US release. This version ended up eroticizing the first rape scene, and with the new guidelines the BBFC had at that point, the US cut of the film was deemed unacceptable. The uncut version of the film was finally re-released in 2002.[38]
1971–1974 The Panic in Needle Park The film was banned in June 1971 by the BBFC, before being released with an 'X' rating in November 1974. A cut version, short of 57 seconds, was passed with an '18' rating on New Year's Eve 1987 for video release. In April 2002, however, a version of the film was passed with an '18' rating by the BBFC, and all its previous cuts were waived. Explicit detail of injecting drug use is no longer considered grounds to cut or ban a film, but does require restriction to the '18' category unless there is an aversive, anti-drugs message. Nonfiction material which explicitly advocates use or cultivation of substances controlled under UK law- such as in four documentary/instructional videos on cannabis and psilocybin-containing 'magic' mushrooms submitted in 2005- may still be banned.[39]
1972–present? Homoeroticus A film about a three testicle man, banned in 1972...Show X for cinema but no rating for other uses but is available to buy in the UK[40]
1972–2000 Deep Throat This film, one of the first story-based pornographic films, was originally banned upon its release because many individuals at the BBFC saw it as obscene. Ten years later, in 1982, the courts upheld the ban of the film on grounds of obscenity. The uncut DVD was finally given an R18 rating in 2000, which allowed it to be sold in licensed sex shops in the UK. A cut version has been sanctioned for a similar 18 certificate and a wider release.[41]
1972–2002 The Last House on the Left "Was refused a certificate for cinema release by the British Board of Film Censors in 1974, due to scenes of explicit and sadistic sexual violence and humiliation. It was released on home video in 1982, during the early 1980s home video boom when the market was unregulated, but banned following the Video Recordings Act 1984, it remained banned throughout the remainder of the 1980s and into the 1990s, it was released with cuts in 2002 but not released uncut until 2008."[18][42]
1973–1999 A Clockwork Orange Not banned per se, but withdrawn in the United Kingdom two years after its release by Warner Bros. following a request for this action from its own director, Stanley Kubrick. This was not because of the alleged copycat violence inspired by the film contemporaneously reported by the media, as commonly believed,[43] but because Kubrick had received death threats against his family. It was not allowed to be shown again in the UK until after his death in 1999 and before the release of Eyes Wide Shut, his last film.[18][44][45]
1973–1974 Coffy Initially banned by the BBFC for 1973 cinema release, but then resubmitted and released in a cut from in 1974. Passed 18 uncut in 1988.[46]
1974–1999 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre After its initial British release, including a one-year theatrical run in London,[47] The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was initially banned on the advice of British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) Secretary Stephen Murphy, and subsequently by his successor, James Ferman.[48][49] While the British ban was in force, the word "chainsaw" itself was barred from movie titles, forcing imitators to rename their films.[50] In 1998, despite the BBFC ban, Camden London Borough Council granted the film a licence.[51] The following year the BBFC passed The Texas Chain Saw Massacre for release with an 18 certificate (indicating that it should not be seen or purchased by a person under 18),[52] and it was broadcast a year later on Channel 4.[53][54]
1974–2012 Score Initially banned in 1974, the film was later passed in a censored form (removing one scene of unsimulated sexual activity) for a 2012 home video release.[55]
1975–1986 The Dirty Mind of Young Sally Banned by the BBFC for 1975 cinema release. A very short version was further cut by the BBFC for 1986 VHS.[56]
1975–2000 Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom Pier Paolo Pasolini's art film, based on The 120 Days of Sodom by the Marquis de Sade, was initially rejected,[57] but was passed with an 18 certificate in 2000.[58]
1975–2003 Deep River Savages Umberto Lenzi's cannibal film was originally banned and listed as a video nasty, but eventually passed with animal cruelty cuts in 2003.[59]
1975–present Sweet Movie Was banned due to unpleasant scenes involving lavatorial practices; explicit sex and nudity; footage of an adult stripping in close proximity to young children, which was considered distasteful in 1975 and thought potentially unlawful on its 1980 re-submission following enactment of the Protection of Children Act 1978; and general concerns that the film may cause offence and controversy in the country. Has not been re-submitted since, but has occasionally been shown at arthouse cinemas in large UK cities, presumably with approval from the local authority for viewing by adult patrons.[60]
1976–1981 Maîtresse Refused a British certificate because of its depiction of sadomasochism; an examiner's report said that "the actual scenes of fetishism are miles in excess of anything we have ever passed in this field".[61] Released with an X certificate in 1981, with several minutes of cuts. Passed uncut with an 18 certificate for DVD release in 2003.
1978 Confessions of a Blue Movie Star Banned in 1978, but later passed with cuts.[62]
1978–2001 I Spit on Your Grave It was initially banned for high levels of sexual violence. In 2001, a cut version was released with an 18 certificate.[63]
1980–1993 Derek and Clive Get the Horn This Peter Cook and Dudley Moore comedy was banned in 1980 due to the supposed abusive overuse of swear words. Was later passed uncut with an 18 certificate for a 1993 video release.[64]
1980–2010 Bare Behind Bars A Brazilian women in prison sexploitation film was classified as an 18 after the distributors removed 1m 38s of explicit scenes of unsimulated sex acts (such as fellatio and vaginal penetration by penis and dildo). The BBFC were prepared to grant an R18, which would have allowed it to be sold in licensed sex shops.[65]
1980–2015 Mother's Day Banned by the BBFC for 1980 released during the video nasty period.[66]
1981–2002 The House on the Edge of the Park Banned for a cinema release in 1981. Initially granted an 18 certificate in 2002, albeit one with substantial cuts totaling 11 minutes and 48 seconds. In 2011, the film was reclassified by the BBFC, and most cuts were waived. However, it is still censored with 43 seconds of cuts to sexual violence, particularly the scenes in which a razor is traced over a woman's naked body, after which her body is cut with the razor.[39]
1981–2002 Maniac Refused a certificate twice by the BBFC, first for a cinema release in 1981, and then for a video certificate in 1998, on the grounds of unacceptable levels of sexualized violence. But later passed with an 18 certificate in 2002 with 58 seconds of cuts to such violence, including a prolonged strangulation scene and to a sexualized stabbing sequence, in 2002. Passed uncut by the BBFC for 2022.[67]
1981–1991 Possession Banned for a decade because of its violence.[68]
1982–2002 The New York Ripper Originally banned due to a high level of sexual violence against women. Although it was finally released 20 years later, the film remains censored, as a breast slashing scene remains unacceptable to BBFC guidelines.[69]
1982–present Love Camp 7 Made in 1969, it was one of the first Nazi exploitation features ever made. The film went on to be one of the 39 prosecuted "Video Nasties" during the early 1980s. The film was entered for classification in 2002 and was rejected as "the whole purpose of the work is to invite male viewers to relish the spectacle of naked women being humiliated for their titillation".[70]
1983–2004 Madhouse Banned due to its graphic content involving animal cruelty, several drawn-out and violent dog attacks and a splatter sequence in which a power drill is used to kill a dog, resulted in it being classified as a "video nasty" by the BBFC, and the film never saw a theatrical release in the United Kingdom. It was released in England in its uncut form in January 1983 on VHS by Medusa Home Video before being pulled from circulation during the "video nasty" panic in November 1983. In 2004, the film was passed by the BBFC and was released uncut on DVD by Film 2000, and was released in the U.S by Dark Sky Films in 2008. In June 2017, the film was released in the United States and United Kingdom in a Blu-ray & DVD combination package from Arrow Films, featuring a new 4K restoration of the original film elements.[71]
1983–1990 The Evil Dead The Evil Dead was one of the first films deemed a 'Video nasty' - the term for films criticized for their violent content by the press, commentators, police and Trading Standards authorities, some religious leaders and 'pro-family' activists such as Mary Whitehouse. Despite eventually being removed from the DPP list of Video Nasties, the film was still postponed being released until 1990.[72]
1983–1992 Shogun Assassin Banned for 9 years due to extreme violence.[73]
1984–2003 Faces of Death The film was banned for explicit gore and juxtaposing fictional deaths and real footage of accidents, but was passed with only animal cruelty cuts in 2003.[74]
1984–2002 Zombie Creeping Flesh Swept up in the Video Nasties controversy and withdrawn. An attempt to resubmit the film for classification was stonewalled by the James Bulger murder case, though it was passed uncut with an 18 rating several years later.[75]
1984–1991 Savage Streets The film was rejected in 1984. In 1987 passed 18 with cuts in 1m 4s, but then rejected again until 1991. In 2011 passed 18 without cuts.[69]
1984–2001 Cannibal Holocaust As well as being labelled as a 'Video Nasty', it was originally believed to be a snuff film. The director Ruggero Deodato was arrested for obscenity charges and was forced to prove that nobody had died during production. Despite finally being officially released in 2001, the film received 5 minutes and 44 seconds worth of cuts. In 2011, the film was re-released and all but 15 seconds of cuts- a muskrat being killed with emphasis on blood and pain- have been restored.[76]
1986–1999 The Exorcist The theatrical version was passed, uncut, with an X rating, by the BBFC in 1974 and has always been able to be screened legally. The original home video of the film was released in 1979 and was not banned per se, but Warner decided not to submit the film for classification for a few years following the video nasties controversy (as they believed there was a high probability of an official ban) and the implementation of the Video Recordings Act 1984 in 1986. It was not until 1999 that the video was finally submitted and passed, uncut, with an 18 rating.[45][77]
1987–2020 Silent Night, Deadly Night Part 2 The BBFC rejected a UK video release in 1987 after the distributor refused to edit a double murder scene and shots of topless women being killed. Following a re-submission, the film was passed uncut in 2020.[78]
1987–2000 Death Wish Despite being initially passed uncut with an X certificate, the film suffered censorship problems after the implementation of the Video Recordings Act 1984. Before this, the film was available on video uncut without a video classification, relying on its cinema certificate for a rating. After this, it became compulsory for all videos to have a rating, leading to Death Wish being submitted for a video certificate in 1987. James Ferman wanted to cut the controversial rape scene, but was concerned that such intervention would ruin a crucial part of the film. As such, the film was withdrawn rather than outright banned. It was later passed with minimal cuts in 2000 to the rape scene and all previous censorship was waived in 2006.
1988–present Hidden Rage Refused a certificate after the board felt that the film's rape scenes were 'titillatory' for male audiences, and felt that cutting would not be an option.[79]
1989–2012 Visions of Ecstasy Banned under the common law offence of blasphemy which was abolished in 2008, it is the only film ever to be banned in the UK due to blasphemy. Following a re-submission in 2011, it was passed uncut with an 18 certificate.[18][80][81]
1990–2004 Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Banned due to graphic violence, which is particularly focused against women; passed uncut in 2004.[82][83]
1990 International Guerillas This Pakistani comedy was refused a certificate as it characterised author Salman Rushdie as a sadistic criminal mastermind, working for an international conspiracy devoted to destroying Islam. As Rushdie's book The Satanic Verses had caused uproar and led to a fatwa being issued against him in 1988 by Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Khomeini, the BBFC banned the film on the grounds that his portrayal in the film could inflame some to violence and that they were concerned over the author's safety.[84] However, Rushdie himself objected to the ban, feeling that "censorship is usually counter-productive and can actually exacerbate the risks it seeks to produce".[84] The rejection was subsequently overturned following the film's appeal to the Video Appeals Committee.
1992–1995 Reservoir Dogs The film was submitted to the BBFC for a video release certificate in 1992 (it had been submitted for theatrical distribution, was passed uncut and shown widely in cinemas). Though the film was never formally refused a video certificate, one was not actually granted until 1995. Because of the BBFC's statutory powers under the Video Recordings Act 1984, the delay amounted to a de facto ban during this period, during which a second theatrical release took place in 1994. It has been alleged that the delay was due to political pressure applied to then-BBFC's director, James Ferman, resulting at least in part from the revived controversy over so-called video nasties that was precipitated by the murder of James Bulger in 1993.[18][85]
1993–1994 The Good Son The murder of James Bulger was given as a reason for withdrawing this film. When it was released on video in 1995, it was given an 18 certificate, with edits made to the sequence in which Macaulay Culkin's character drops a dummy over a bridge into oncoming traffic and causes a multiple car pile-up, out of fear that children would try to imitate the stunt. The 2002 DVD has been passed uncut with an 18 certificate.[86]
1994 Natural Born Killers Certification was delayed while the British Board of Film Classification investigated claims that the film incited violence upon release in the U.S.[87] The BBFC later gave the film, directed by Oliver Stone, an 18 certificate. The VHS release, also rated 18, was banned by Warner Bros. until 2001.[88] This was in response to the Dunblane massacre, which occurred shortly after it passed uncut.[89]
1994 Back in Action This Roddy Piper action film was originally banned on the grounds that its extremely violent content could be harmful, as they felt that it was likely to appeal to minors, particularly those with a record of violent offending. The rejection was over turned after a heavily pre-cut version was further censored in order to remove the more brutal parts of the film (including kicks to the head and face, the smashing of heads against walls, floors and pillars and the biting of ears) and glamorising of weaponry. All cuts were waived when the film was resubmitted in 2004.[90]
1994–2004 Kickboxer 4: The Aggressor Rejected a video certificate in 1994, on the grounds that it was 'celebration of extreme violence as entertainment'.[91] Passed uncut for a DVD release in 2004.[92]
1995–2001 Boy Meets Girl Despite being allowed an uncut 18 rating on initial cinema release, the film was refused a home video certificate, due to its strong emphasis on torture. Given an uncut 18 certificate in 2001 for DVD release.[93]
1996–present Mikey Rejected by the BBFC for a certificate in 1996; a trailer had been classified 18 four years before. In the aftermath of the widely publicised murder of James Bulger, the BBFC (on the guidance of three child psychiatrists) banned the film because it features a child as a killer (which they believed might cause children who watched it to act violently).[94][95][96] The murder also delayed the re-release of Hell of the Living Dead for several years (see above).
1996–present Bare Fist: The Sport That Wouldn't Die This documentary about bare-knuckle fighting was refused a certificate twice. In both cases, the board was concerned with how the documentary allegedly glamorised the sport, through its lengthy sequences of the fighting as well as the instructional use of achieving lethal effects, like lacing bandaged fists with glass fragments. While they didn't object to what the documentary was wanting to achieve, which was trying to legalise the sport, the content mentioned was still a concern. After the director refused to make the board's cuts, the film was initially banned in 1996. A later re-submission in 1999 was similarly unsuccessful.[97][98]
1997–present Brave, Bashed, Battered and Bruised This documentary about karate was banned because the board felt that the film was 'selling the pleasures of gross violence through its unrelenting focus on the infliction of injury and pain.'[90]
1997–present Date with a Mistress The BBFC banned this film because of 'pornographic treatment of sex in the context of force, restraint and the infliction of pain'.[90]
1998–2018 Deadbeat at Dawn Despite the fact that cuts were suggested on first submission to the use of martial arts weaponry, the Board were split over the film due to its high levels of violence. It was eventually rejected, with high level examiners (including Andreas Whittam Smith) taking objection to its content.[90]
1998–present Changing Room Exposed This film was refused a video certificate in 1998, as its content (consisting of footage from a men's changing room without the participants' knowledge) violated Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights which guarantees the right to privacy. The distributors later went to the Video Appeals Committee in order to overturn the decision, but withdrew from the process later on. In 2001, it was re-submitted under the title Video Voyeur under the pretense that the participants knew they were filmed. When the board didn't receive any concrete evidence for this, the film was rejected again in 2003.[90]
1999–present Banned from Television Banned as the board felt that this film's constant display of real death, injury and mutilation for entertainment was unacceptable. This was because they argued that it could desensitize people and erode their compassion towards the suffering of others, something worsened by how it could potentially get into the hands of minors.[99]
1999–2003 Cat in the Brain Banned due to the extreme violence, depravity and unacceptable amount of sexual violence. Passed uncut in 2003.[100]
2002–present Hooligans This video documentary was refused a video certificate, as it glorified football hooliganism.[101]
2003–present Bumfights The first volume of Bumfights was banned as the film's content violated the Video Recordings Act 1984 as it exploited 'the physical and other vulnerabilities of homeless people', since they were constantly being 'abused, assaulted, and humiliated' in the video according to the board.[102]
2003–present Spy of Darkness This anime was banned due to unacceptable levels of eroticised sexual violence, something worsened by how some of the victims seemed to enjoy being raped. The other three 'hentai' videos in the Darkness series were passed 18 with extensive cuts, some compulsory (to remove the kind of eroticised sexual violence which dominates Spy of Darkness) and others to graphic animations of consensual sex featuring penetration, ejaculation and semen to avoid the R18 category which would have prevented them from being legally sold outside of sex shops.[103]
2004–present Women in Cellblock 9 The film was rejected over sexual violence being eroticized and images of Susan Hemingway, who was 16 at the time of filming, which were considered potentially indecent (in England and Wales, indecent images of minors are illegal; the relevant age was raised from 16 to 18 by the 2003 Sexual Offences Act, which had been passed by Parliament to take effect on May 1, 2004 shortly after this submission to the BBFC).[104]
2005–present Traces of Death A Mondo film featuring real images of death and suffering that were deemed to have "no journalistic, educational or other justifying context" and liable to deprave and corrupt the audience (thus contravening the Obscene Publications Act) in their presentation as mere entertainment.[105]
2005–present Terrorists, Killers and Other Wackos Banned as it presented clips of actual injury and death with "no journalistic, educational or other justifying context for the images shown" as well as how the "undercurrent of racism and xenophobia" could potentially lead to viewers becoming more racist.[106]
2006–present Struggle in Bondage This film is rejected by the BBFC that depicts women were bound and gagged, writhing and struggling against their restraints.[107]
2008–present Murder-Set-Pieces The film was submitted for release in the United Kingdom to the BBFC who refused to classify it on video/DVD in 2008. The BBFC stated they rejected the film because of sexual violence, sustained sadistic terror and humiliation, and focus on the graphic killing of a pre-teen child which together raised a potential harm risk and potentially breached obscenity laws.[108]
2008–present The Texas Vibrator Massacre Banned due to containing a significant amount of eroticized sexual violence, and for scenes of intercourse between characters intended to be brother and sister. The original version, (unofficially) "rated XXX" in its US release to indicate hardcore pornography, runs 96 minutes; the version submitted to the BBFC was 20 minutes shorter than this and had already had all clearly unsimulated sexual activity and sight of semen removed to satisfy their Guidelines for "18" as opposed to "R18" sex works, but the violence and incestuous set-up are considered equally unacceptable in material intended for sexual arousal of the viewer irrespective of explicitness.[109]
2009–present NF713 A film in which a female "enemy of the state" is tortured, it was banned after its primary purpose was judged to be "to sexually arouse the viewer at the sight of a woman being sexually humiliated, tortured and abused".[110]
2009–present Grotesque Banned due to a high level of sexual torture. Unlike other torture films like Hostel and Saw, Grotesque was deemed by Examiners not to have sufficiently contextualised its sadistic imagery.[111][112]
2009–present My Daughter's a Cocksucker An incest-themed pornographic film in which men perform irrumatio on women, who frequently look directly into camera and deliver lines such as "Daddy always likes it when I choke" and "Am I good enough to teach the little sister?" The Guidelines at 'R18' allow for real oral sex including 'deep throat' scenes but not a focus on images or verbal references to choking, gagging, etc. which is considered an 'abusive, degrading and dehumanizing' and potentially harmful sexual portrayal by the BBFC. In many hardcore productions such scenes are cut, but here they were so frequent- along with the also unacceptable references to an incestuous set-up- a viable work would not remain following cuts and it was instead rejected.[113]
2010–present Lost in the Hood A gay pornographic film with a plot line depicting men as abducted, brutalized, and raped by other men. The sex is unsimulated and was, in real life, consensual but "rape fantasy" sex works are not permitted by UK censors, whether or not they would likely fall foul of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008's prohibition on 'extreme pornography'.[114]
2011 The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence) Originally banned due to highly explicit sexual violence, graphic forced defecation, and potential obscenity. The film was given an official age certificate of 18 by the BBFC on 6 October 2011 while the distributors agreed to make 32 cuts (two minutes and thirty-seven seconds) prior to release.[115][116][117][118]
2011–present The Bunny Game Banned due to extensive unacceptably presented scenes of rape and sexualized violence. The eroticisation and arguable endorsement of such violence was deemed by the Board to have the potential for being highly harmful under the Video Recordings Act 1984.[119]
2015–present Hate Crime The first ever video-on-demand submission to be refused a certificate by the BBFC as it focused on "the terrorisation, mutilation, physical and sexual abuse and murder of the members of a Jewish family by the Neo Nazi thugs who invade their home." Technically the film is not "banned" in a legal sense as there is no requirement for films released solely online to be BBFC-classified, and no jury or magistrate has ever condemned it as violating one of the laws applying to online material distributed in Britain (such as containing indecent images of under-18s, being obscene, constituting incitement to hatred or glorification of terrorism.) As the same or stricter criteria are applied to video works, it would however certainly be unlawful to supply in the UK on a physical medium where the Video Recordings Act does mandate BBFC approval.[120]
2021–present Gestapo's Last Orgy The 1977 Italian exploitation film was submitted to the BBFC for DVD release by 88 Films. It was refused classification and therefore release in the United Kingdom on 26 January 2021. In its reasoning the BBFC cited the film's pervasive Nazi imagery, anti-Semitic nature and scenes of extreme sexual violence and rape. As these themes run throughout the film and serve as a central plot point, cuts were deemed unsupportable.[121]


Mull of Kintyre test
Kintyre highlighted in red. The "Mull of Kintyre" properly refers to the headland at the south-westernmost point, but in this context the apparent angle of the whole peninsula is the relevant standard against which a penis would be compared.

According to an urban legend, the Mull of Kintyre test or Mull of Kintyre rule was an unofficial guideline used by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) to decide whether an image of a penis could be shown.[122] According to the myth, the BBFC would not permit the general release of a film or video if it depicted a penis erect to the point that the angle it made from the vertical was higher than that of the peninsula of Kintyre in Argyll and Bute on maps of Scotland.[123][124] This test has often been called "the angle of the dangle".[125][126][127]

The Mull of Kintyre test was said to have first been used for the release of the controversial erotic historical drama film Caligula in 1979.[122]

Specific cases
  • In Autumn 1972, Lord Longford and Raymond Blackburn decided to pursue a matter of pornography classification for the film Language of Love[128] into the Court of Appeal of Lord Denning, MR, and lost the writ of mandamus against the Police Commissioner, who had refused to intrude upon the BBFC remit.[129][130][131]
  • In 1999, the British television network ITV broadcast a censored version of the British war film The Dam Busters (1955), with all instances of the name of a dog called "Nigger" removed. ITV blamed regional broadcaster London Weekend Television, which in turn alleged that a junior staff member had been responsible for the unauthorised cuts. When ITV again showed a censored version in June 2001, it was criticised by Index on Censorship as "unnecessary and ridiculous" and because the edits introduced continuity errors. The code word "nigger" transmitted in Morse Code upon the successful completion of the central mission was not censored.
  • The film Black Friday (2004) was released in the United Kingdom with 17 seconds of the cockfighting scenes deleted. Laws in the UK do not allow any film footage of actual animal cruelty that has been deliberately orchestrated by film-makers.[132]

See also

References
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  126. The Angle Of The Dangle
  127. (the "angle of the dangle", as it was often known)
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