Multi-image

The visual quality of a presentation was based on using photographs and artwork created for use in the presentation as source material. 35mm slides could be used directly as they were originally taken, or re-photographed by design. Often the original photographs were masked or duplicated for positioning and sizing. In some instances, 35mm cameras modified for pin-registration were used to create animated sequences. The registered 35mm format was generally standard but square and masked images were developed and supported by slide mount manufacturers like Wess Mounts.

Through the use of multiple projectors set up to project onto a defined screen area, projected images could be designed as animations. Typical programmable multi-image animation effects included filmic effects; cuts, dissolves, fades; fading from one photograph or graphic to another at different rates and intensities, and the development of computer-controlled 'dissolve units' by multi image equipment developers was key to the unique 'live' aesthetic of multi image productions, progressively building images and text to form a completed statement, inserting images or graphics into frames or windows on screen, step by step movement of images across the screen area, and superimposing text or images into a background. The visual effects were electronically synchronized to precise recorded soundtracks of music, sound effects, and voice, based on the capabilities and limitations of the slide projectors and dissolve units and computer controller. Multi Image systems equipment were developed by Arion, Audio Visual Laboratories, Clear Light, Dataton, Electronics, Multivision, and Spindler and Sauppé.

Artwork produced for multi-image presentations in general was based on one of two forms of top-lit reflective copy artwork:

1. Materials that were produced and copied as flat art directly to slides to be used in the production, or
2. Color- or image-separated and layered photomechanical art that would be copied to high-contrast masks which were then used to create slides. This second process was called optical slide printing and was based on many of the basic principles from photomechanical prepress art used in offset printing, silk-screen printing, and cel animation.

Flat art was created by using a variety of standard graphic illustration techniques, using pen and ink, airbrush, paints, from clip art, colored paper, transfer lettering such as Letraset, and by copying from existing materials on a copy stand or on optical slide camera. Cel art, such as found in cel animation, was also used.

Art used in optical slide printing was based on the use of high-contrast photomechanical materials such as photomechanical transfers,[7] black and white type, rubylith and other materials. Phototypesetting was done by a variety of means including the Visual Graphics Corporation PhotoTypositor[8] and the Compugraphic EditWriter[9] at companies that specialized in providing typography. When making artwork for multi-image presentations, photographs, transparencies, and film images or continuous tone film or airbrushed masks could also be used as part of the camera-ready artwork.

The color or image separated layers of artwork were pin-registered using a variety of standard copystand/animationstand pin systems techniques.[10] including 1/4-inch, Oxberry, and Acme. The artwork was created on a light table or animation disc[11] to provide back lighting.

Often the art was created based on a grid system. A copy of the optical slide camera grid or reticle was used to align the artwork elements. The use of the grid for alignment could be used to accurately position images and art elements throughout the process from the creation of the artwork to the final projected images. This process also allowed layers of the artwork to be interchangeable from slide to slide, images or graphic elements could be carefully placed on the screen relative to other images, and for combining parts of images or graphics by separate slides as in an animated sequence.

The audio track of a multi-image show provided a framework for the timing of the presentation and for the sequencing and animations of the slides. These were produced generally on 1⁄4-inch audio tape on multi-track tape recorders such as models by Crown, Fostex, Otari, Sony, Tascam and TEAC, which allowed for having two tracks or channels for stereo sound and one for the synchronization or click track which was used to encode and playback the signals for the dissolve units.

The synchronization signals could be as simple as multiple pulse tones, each with a unique corresponding command, to digital telemetry, directly addressing a programming computer such as an AVL ShowPro V or a Spindler & Sauppe Director 24Z. As time and technology progressed, timecode was used, with the programming computer chasing the timecoded audio tape and firing commands from a managed list of cues.

The audio and synchronization tracks were normally separated by a blank track (or "guard track") to prevent any audible spill of the synchronization cues into audio playback. Sometimes the guard track would be a third audio channel, such as sound effects or mix-minus narration, to permit flexibility of mixing on-site. In such situations, the tape might be processed with Dolby or dBx noise reduction to help prevent audible spill from the synchronization track.

In early productions, audio editing of the music or voice-over was done manually to create a scratch track, usually with a cutting block and tape.[12] Once the audio edits were completed, the final version would be copied onto another tape; either to 1⁄4 inch, cassette or other format so that there tape used to run the presentation would be a fresh uncut tape.

Multi-Image audio tracks could be any combination of voice and music and were generally created in audio or recording studios or were created in-house. Before the advent of MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) devices and software, music was frequently sourced from popular music for which licensing rights would be obtained, from royalty-free music found on LP records, or created by musicians in a studio. With MIDI, the audio portion of the productions could be designed around the requirements of the project, made quickly, and allowed for more complex media integrations.

Completed artwork was copied under top lights on a pin-registered camera on a high contrast film such as Kodaline or Kodalith to create 35mm mattes used in the optical slide printing process. Other than using camera original photos, slides used for presentation were made on a slide duplication, slide animation, or rostrum_camera designed for slide production. The most commonly used slide camera stands were Forox, Marron Carrel (later Maron), and Sickles (later Mangum Sickles).

When needed, pin-registered positive mattes known as countermattes were made by contact printing from the mattes. When a set of mattes and countermates were completed, the optical slide camera was used to assemble the separate images onto a single frame of film by making multiple exposures through the mattes. Accuracy in positioning the separate elements of the slide is made possible by the film sprockets, which were also used to position the finished color slides and masks in the slide mounts.

Maron 1600 camera table, large format 12-field compound, and colorhead.

Copy cameras and optical slide cameras usually had motorized movement of the camera on the column toward and away from the table to allow for resizing the image on the camera on the Z-axis.

Fully functional optical slide cameras had compounds for positioning both artwork and the mattes relative to the lens and camera head. A compound could move left to right (horizontal) X-axis and top to bottom (vertical) Y-axis movement as well as rotate (theta-axis). Compounds were often motorized with micro-stepping motors to allow for smooth programmable and repeatable positioning. Higher end optical slide cameras had the ability to create and save programs.

Light sources for copying artwork generally were quartz halogen lights. Backlighting was generally provided by the use a darkroom photographic enlarger colorhead modified for use with the camera. This form of controlled light provide colored light balanced for the color sensitivity of the film used and provided color light for the separate exposures that are made through the mattes.

The optical slide camera could be used to create a number of types of slides and special effects commonly used in multi-image presentations:

• Duplicates: copies of transparencies
• Copy slides: slides made by top-light copying of artwork or illustrations
• Title burns: made by making multiple exposures through a series of mattes, such as text slides
• Color on color slides: Similar to burn slides but with a color background, often requiring countermattes
• Step and repeat: Using a compound, making a series of exposures where the compound is moved between each exposure
• Movements: long exposures made from a backlit matte, the shutter is open while the compound and the camera move the matte creating a streaking effect
• Glow effects: using a light diffusing material while exposing the backlight through a matte to create soft edges around the image on the matte
• Filter effects: using color, star and other types of camera filters for special effects
• Image effects: by either manipulating the mattes and countermattes of by positioning transparencies while duplicating them; posterizations, inserts, split frames, and panoramas
• Camera effects: Some optical slide cameras have the capabilities for in-camera mattes, bi-packing, and rotoscoping

Slides created by these methods and combinations of these methods were made to align and animate when projected, creating what was considered the visual multi-image experience.

Film processing requires specific facilities, equipment, and skill needed to maintain consistent results. Film processors for developing transparency film require maintaining processing control which was based on good practices in chemical mixing and storage, accurate time, temperature and agitation during the process and the use of control strips. Control strips were run with the film and read on a densitometer to determine their variation from a standard so that corrections could be made

The use of computer graphics replaced much of the manual activity in creating the artwork and converting the art into slides. Service bureaus offering production work from large workstations such as Dicomed and Genigraphics[13] dominated larger markets. Smaller producers using desktop software such as Photoshop, Persuasion, Harvard Graphics and PowerPoint allowed many slide producers to quickly create slides which were imaged on film recorders such as Management Graphics, Lasergraphics, Polaroid, Celco, and CCG.[14]

Completed slides were mounted into pin-registered slide mounts. Three or more pieces of film could be mounted into a slide mount which allowed slides to contain the image film chip and masks to allow for inserting and over-projecting. Slides were edited and arranged for programming on light tables.

In order for all the slides to align properly on the screen, a set of alignment slides were also created for the show according to the show's screen configuration. These slides were most often placed in the 80 slot of all the trays. Before programming or staging can commence, all the projectors have to be aligned to this alignment slide grid.

Multi-image programming setup for the 1988 Ford Division New Car Announcement Show. AVL Eagle Genesis computers in foreground.

Slides were then placed into assigned trays and tray slots in a specific order, according to a programming script. The programming script was created by the programmer by listening to the sound track, narration script (if there was narrative) and according to the design storyboard. The programmer would note on the storyboard where each slide(s) would appear on the screen(s) at each part of the track by noting the slide's tray and tray slot position. Imagine having hundreds (or more) of slides in three to thirty or more projectors and not having a programming script to know the tray and tray slot position of each slide. With these tools, the programmer would then place the trays on the corresponding projectors and listen to the sound track and program the designed action for each slide to create a final show. Depending on the number of projectors, slides and length of the show, the programming process could take from a few hours to days, weeks and sometimes months to complete. Often with changes and modifications to the script, design, new images, graphics and hence, revised programming.

Programming of a multi-projector multi-image show was generally done on one of several systems such as Arion, Audio-Visual Laboratories (AVL), Electrosonic, Clearlight,[15] Dataton,[16] UAV, Spindler-Sauppe and Multivision. The programming itself was done on a system that allowed for input by the programmer and dissolve units[17] which were attached to the projectors and controlled the functions of the projectors based on the programming instructions. Programming could also be used to control room lights, rewind of the audio tape and resetting of the projectors, and to trigger other effects that might be used in the presentation, such as a strobe light.

There were two basic slide projector programming controls: a set of instructions to position the slide in the projector and a set of instructions for the slide projector lamp. These controls would be used to define the cues. The cues would often designate an action for more than one projector such as with a dissolve between two slides which would require simultaneously fading up on one lamp and fading down another lamp. Similar commands were used to control motion-picture projectors, as well as auxiliary controls for lighting and effects, etc.

Through synchronizing the audio and the visual effects and combining visual slide effects, the programming process could create a single continuous show that was saved to memory. Once the programming was completed, the most common way to preserve the programming information was to record the programming cues onto the audio track so that the show could be run synchronized with the audio playback. In some situations, data would be contained in the programming computer (stored either on an internal hard disk drive or a floppy disk), and the events would be triggered by a timecode track on the audio tape.

As multi-image programming devices progressed to digital computers and became more sophisticated in the late 1970s, more programming features were added. Complex looping effects, independent cycling allowing background animation over foreground effects, comprehensive control of motion picture projectors, control of (and by) video devices and other peripheral devices, and the use of SMPTE timecode for synchronization became commonplace. Multiply-exposed optical effects and the use of computer-generated imagery allowed the medium to emerge, briefly, as an art form. The use of multitrack audio playback enhanced the experience and provided for surround sound.

Completed multi-image productions were presented in a variety of venues ranging from temporary one-on-one settings to semi-permanent world's fair pavilions and museum exhibitions. Large multi-projector multi-image presentations required adequate projection space which was often from behind the screen for rear-screen projection. Setting up large show required control over the room lighting and often involved drapes and scaffolds.

The actual presentations often were considered to be business theater, incorporating special effects such as pyrotechnics, breakaway screens, live entertainment, even breakaway screens such as having a vehicle crash through the screen to introduce a new model truck.