Werdersch

Werdersch (German: Werdersch, Mundart der Weichselwerder) is a subdialect of Low Prussian, which itself is a subdialect of Low German. This dialect is spoken in Poland and was spoken in the former province of West Prussia. Werdersch is closely related to Nehrungisch and Plautdietsch.[1]

Werdersch
Native toPoland, Russia (formerly Germany)
RegionVistula river islands
EthnicityGermans
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Its name derives from the Weichselwerder (lit. 'Vistula River islands'), which are Żuławy Gdańskie (between Wisła Gdańska and Gdańskie Wyżyny) and Żuławy Malborskie (German: Großes Werder; between Vistula, Szkarpawa, Vistula Lagoon, and Nogat).[2]

It also was spoken West of Vistula river.[3]

The dialect spoken in the Werder at that time is very similar to the dialect of Molotschna.[4] Molotschna-Plautdietsch dominates the Plautdietsch of those having remained in Russia late.[5] The distinctive features of Molotschna-Plautdietsch as opposed to Chortitza-Plautdietsch are given at Plautdietsch#Varieties.

History

Werdersch developed after Dutch-speaking immigrants from the Netherlands moved in the sixteenth century to the region where Werdersch is spoken. Żuławy Malborskie was divided linguistically into the respective area of Werderisch and Niederungisch, the former related to Molotschna-Plautdietsch, the latter related to Chortitza-Plautdietsch being part of Nehrungisch.[6] Half of the immigrants were Mennonites, the other half were Protestants.[7] Though not all were from Holland (some were German colonists), they were all referred to as Hollanders.[7] Many of the Mennonites spoke Low German.[8] The early Anabaptists from the province of Friesland spoke Frisian.[8] Groups of Flemish Mennonites and Frisian Mennonites were early arrivals; they later also continued on to Russia.[2] The difference between these two groups was religious rather than ethnic.[8] The Frisian parish of Orłowskie Pole (Orlofferfelde) merged with the Old Flemish parish of Lubieszewo (Ladekopp).[9] The Old Flemish parish of Großes Werder later became the four parishes of Różewo (Rosenort), Cyganek (Nowy Dwór Gdański) (Tiegenhagen), Lubieszewo (Ladekopp) and Żuławki (Fürstenwerder).[10] Elbląg (Elbing) had an Old Flemish Congregation.[11] The Old Flemish parish of Großes Werder gave rise to the Frisian parish of Barcice (Tragheimerweide), also known as the Waterlander parish.[10][12] Catherine the Great called some of these Mennonite immigrants further east to Russia.[7] Most of the founders of the Molotschna Colony and the Chortitza Colony were Flemish Mennonites who spoke Werdersch.[2] A variety in Molotschna not being part of Molotschna-Plautdietsch was the one of Waldheim, Gnadenfeld and Alexanderwohl originating from an area near Świecie in Poland.[13] Both of these colonies were in Russia (now Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine), and were the origin of much of the modern-day Russian Mennonite diaspora. Frisian Mennonites in the early days of Chortitza Colony were in the minority in this mainly Frisian Mennonite colony, living in Kronsweide, Schöngarten, Kronsgarten and Einlage, strictly separate from the Flemish Mennonites.[14] The so-called Kronsweide dialect also was spoken as the minority dialect in Chortzitza.[15] Kronsweide was a place among the Chortitza Frisian group.[16] A situation of majority and minority was the case in Molotschna Colony, where the Frisian Mennonites settled in Rudnerweide, consisting of seven villages.[14] Krimmer Mennonite Brethren were a church of people from Molotschna and related to Kleine Gemeinde founded on Crimea.[17] Its first congregation in the United States was at Gnadenau, Kansas.[17]

In Alexandertal, also called the Mennonite settlement of Alt-Samara in Russia, there were Mennonites from West Prussia who came from the area of the Great Werder east of Gdansk and from the Graudenz lowlands further upstream of the Vistula.[18] Most of the 19th-century Mennonite immigrants to the United States from Russia, Prussia or Poland joined the General Conference Mennonite Church.[19] The descendants of the Mennonites of Dutch origin who came via Prussia in 1874 in 1955 largely constituted the membership of 6 General Conference Mennonite congregations.[19] Among them there were churches at Beatrice, Nebraska, and Newton and Whitewater, Kansas.[19]

The descendants of the Dutch who came via Prussia and South Russia, arriving in America in 1874 ff., constituted the major part of 70 congregations.[19] This was the largest cultural group in the General Conference.[19] Those congregations were scattered all over the West.[19] Many were located in Kansas, Minnesota, and Canada.[19] Alexanderwohl congregation at Goessel, and Hoffnungsau congregation at Inman, Kansas, were two of the original settlements in the United States, from which came a number of younger congregations.[19]

The descendants of the Dutch who came via Prussia and Polish Russia in 1874 now largely constituted the membership of 11 congregations.[19] Among them were Gnadenberg at Elbing, Johannesthal at Hillsboro, and churches at Canton and Pawnee Rock, Kansas, and Meno, Oklahoma.[19] the first members of the Zion Mennonite Church (General Conference Mennonite) here, organized in 1883, came from the area near Elbing, West Prussia.[20] The Mennonites settling in Hillsborough originated from Molotschna settlement, Russia (General Conference, Mennonite Brethren, and Krimmer Mennonite Brethren groups), from Poland (Johannestal), and a few from Prussia (Brudertal).[21] Among the Rosenorter Mennonites were direct immigrants from Nowy Dwór Gdański (Tiegenhof) in Poland. [22] Central Kansas, California, Nebraska and Oklahoma have connected groups of Mennonites.[23] Kleine Gemeinde Mennonites are present in Belize and Tamaulipas inter alia.[24] In the 20th century, Canadian Molotschna Mennonites arrived in Mexico, and founded the Jagüeyes Colonies.[25]

Phonology

Werdersch has alveolar /r/, like Eastern Low Prussian.[26] Werdersch has, at least in some words, long /u/ as short /u/ and long /i/ as short /i/.[26] In Heubuden, in originally open syllables before k and x [ach-Laut], a became ɔ:.[27]

Werdersch has shortened u before gutturals.[28] It has dorx for High German durch, English through.[26]

Werdersch had a in the closed syllable before l as o.[29]

List of isoglosses within Großes Marienburger Werder (Żuławy Malborskie)

[30]

  • /a/ mostly as /au/
  • /n/-loss in kannst
  • Long /o/ is shortened before l+dental; umlaut lacks in words such as kaufen
  • Final -n
  • /l/-loss in willst and sollst
  • Loss of /n/ in an-, in- un- before fricatives, /r, l, m, n and g.
  • büten, dün, glüpen etc. versus buten, dun, glupen etc.
  • haiwen, blaif etc. versus haue, blau etc.
  • Shortening of /î/ to /i/ before velars
  • Shortening of /û/ to /u/ before velars
  • /i, e and ar/ becoming /e, a and or/ respectively

Molotschna-Plautdietsch

Molotschna-Plautdietsch is descended from Werdersch.[6] In originally closed syllables (excluding before original /r/, /ld/ and /lp/), /e/ is given as front vowel /a/.[31] In contrast to Nehrungisch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch, it and Molotschna-Plautdietsch have High German /au/ as /au/,[32] and no shortened /u/ before /p/.[33] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has palatal oral stops <tj> and <dj>.[24] For Chortitza-Plautdietsch [eiw]/[ɛːw] it has [au]/[ɔ].[24]

The Molotschna-related <oa>-diphthongs before velars are [ɔɐ], [oɐ], [oː].[24]

Plautdietsch varieties which have the reflex [uː] of MLG ū, almost always develop a centralized reflex of MLG ō.[24] Molotschna forms which do not have the reflex [yː] often have a central reflex, [ʉː].[24]

In less conservative varieties, the nucleus of words such as heet has also begun to fall and further dissimilate itself from its off-glide.[24] "American speakers from the earlier Midwestern settlements sometimes have a raised allophone" of words, such as Äkj: [e̝].[34] Molotschna speakers in the USA from the original late 1800s settlements often lack an off-glide in some OA forms, but do have off-glides in other OA forms (e.g. Oabeid 'work' [ɔɐbaid] vs Foagel 'fowl' [foːɣl], koake 'to cook' [koːke], and Büak 'book' [boːk]).[34] "Molotschna speakers from Mexico with the traditional Molotschna Dialect OA form retain the original off-glide in words like Foagel 'fowl' [foɐɣl]."[35]

Molotschna-Plautdietsch has palatalization given as c and ɟ, which probably used to exist in West Prussia as well.[36] Orenburg colony has palatalization like in Molotschna Colony [c] [ɟ].[37]

Grammar

Werdersch has the preterite forms kam and nam.[38]

Molotschna-Plautdietsch

Molotschna-Plautdietsch uses dative case, but not accusative case.[5] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has ahn for them.[39] Dative has spread to neighbouring Menno Colony.[5] In Latin America, dative forms mostly are used in Plautdietsch.[40] Speakers from Fernheim use most consistently dative for accusative, though having better knowledge of Standard German than other Latin American speakers of Plautdietsch.[40] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has the formal address using the pronoun of the third person.[41] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has infinitive and plural, both ending with /-ə/.[42] For verbs with two preterite forms, Molotschna-Plautdietsch mostly uses the velar form with /au/.[43] It has the velar stem vowel of Dutch and a limited number of palatal preterite forms.[44] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has habe for the infinitive have.[45] Plautdietsch in Slavgorod and Znamenka in general showed more features of Molotschna-Plautdietsch than of Chortzitza-Plautdietsch, though having settled by both Molotschna and Chortzitza settlers.[46] Most prevailing phonological features within Altai are related to Molotschna.[46] Originally (primary) features of the Chortitza variety, bryːt (vs. Molotschna bruːt) 'bride' and hy:s (vs. hu:s 'house') or the palatalised k in ät' (Molotschna äk) 'I' and t'ɪn'ɐ (Molotschna kin'ɐ) 'children', became predominant features in Altai.[46] Near Pavlodar, Omsk and Minussinsk, there were mixed Molotschna-Chortitza colonies.

Mennonite Settlements

In Europe

The congregations of Flemish Mennonites in the area of the Weichselwerder were Ellerwald, Fürstenwerder, Heubuden, Ladekopp, Rosenort, and Tiegenhagen.[47] Orlofferfelde and Thiensdorf had a congregation of Frisian Mennonites.[47] Rosenorter Gemeinde, a partly Plautdietsch-speaking community in Canada mainly stemmed from the immigration of adherents from Prussia, Ukraine, and the USA.[48] Daughter settlements of Molotschna in Ukraine (German names of the period) included:[49]

  • Adshembet
  • Aktatschi-Busan
  • Alatsch
  • Alexanderheim
  • Alexandropol
  • Alexefeld
  • Ali-Bai
  • Annowka
  • Arkachin
  • Atartschik
  • Ataschaja
  • Bakschai
  • Barak
  • Baschlitscha
  • Bek-Bulatschi
  • Bijuk-Busan
  • Bijuk-Kuban
  • Borangar
  • Brasol (with following villages:)
    • Blumenfeld
    • Blumenheim-Werbowskoje
    • Rosenhof
    • Schönfeld-Kransopol
  • Bubschik
  • Busul
  • Busul-Montanai
  • Danilowka
  • Dsanbore
  • Dselair
  • Durmen
  • Ebenfeld
  • Elgeri-Montanai
  • Fernheim
  • Itschki
  • Jalantusch
  • Jangil
  • Kadagai
  • Kara-Kodsha
  • Kara-Tschikmak
  • Karasan
  • Kasantschi
  • Keneges
  • Kiat
  • Kipschak
  • Kirgis
  • Kitai
  • Kutjuki
  • Lustigstal
  • Mara
  • Masajewka
  • Memrik (with following villages:)
    • Alexandrowka
    • Kalinowo
    • Karpowka
    • Kotljarewka
    • Ljessowka
    • Marainowka
    • Michailowka
    • Mmerik
    • Nikolajewka
    • Orlowo
  • Menelerdshik
  • Millerowo
  • Miropol
  • Nikolaipol
  • Ogus-Tobe
  • Olgase-Kamrat
  • Pascha-Tschokmak
  • Sabantschi
  • Sabantschi
  • Sagradowka (including:)
    • Altonau
    • Orloff
    • Neuschönsee
    • Nikolaifeld
    • Tiege
  • Salgirka
  • Samojlowka (with following villages:)
    • Nowo-Stepnoje
    • Ryskowo
    • Samojlowka
    • Schestakowo
  • Sarona
  • Scheich-Eli
  • Schöntal
  • Selenaja
  • Semisotka
  • Shangara
  • Spat
  • Stanislawka
  • Tamak
  • Telentschi
  • Terkle-Kitai
  • Teschi
  • Timir
  • Toksaba
  • Tokultschak
  • Topalowka
  • Tributzkoje
    • Nowo-Nikolajewka
    • Wolodjewka
  • Tschambuldi
  • Tschatte
  • Tsche-Tsche
  • Tschongraw
  • Usnajak
  • Wassiljewka

The Caucasus Mountains had the following daughter colonies:[50]

  • Kuban (with villages Welikoknjascheskoje and Alexandrodar, major settlement also of Chortitza background having taken place[51])
  • Tempelhof-Orbelianowka (with villages Tempelhof and Orbelianowka)
  • Suworowka
    • Nikolaifeld
    • Großfürstental
    • Lwarow
    • Arrival
  • Olgino
    • Olgino
    • Romanowka
    • Miropol
    • Loschkarewo
  • Terek
    • Alexandrowka
    • Chartsch
    • Konstantinowka
    • Marjanowka
    • Rohrbach
    • Sulak
    • Talma
    • Wanderloh
    • Middelburg
    • Pretoria
    • Tarawowka

In Russia

Molotschna had Neu-Samara among its daughter colonies. Northeast Russia had daughter colonies including the following :[52]

  • Neu-Samara (with following villages:)
    • Bogamasowo
    • Pleschanowo
    • Krassikowo
    • Kamenetz
    • Lugowsk
    • Podolsk
    • Kuterla
    • Dolinsk
    • Donskoje
    • Koltan
    • Annenskoje
  • Rownopol (Ebenfeld)
  • Dawlekanowo (with following villages:)
    • Karambasch
    • Gortschakowo
    • Beresowka-Udrak
    • Jurmankej
    • Kulikowo

The daughter colonies of Molotschna included Auli Ata in Turkestan Province and Davlekanovo in Ufa Province.[53] Orenburg Colony in Russia was mainly settled from Molotschna and less from Chortitza.[54][55]

In North America

Mennonite migrants to the United States in the 19th century mainly originated from the Molotschna Colony and settled in the Midwestern US.[24] This group expanded into the Central Valley of California, but never formed a large Mennonite community there.[24] In 1874, Mennonites from the Molotschna region settled around Wichita, Kansas.[24] These settlers originated from the Krimmer Mennonite Brethren, Alexanderwohl, so-called Prussian Mennonites, and Volhynia Mennonites.[24] The Alexanderwohl, Mennonite Brethren, and General Conference Mennonite Church are all denominations of Molotschna origin in central Kansas.[56]

In the 1870s, many immigrating Mennonites settled in Henderson, Nebraska; Mountain Lake, Minnesota; Corn, Oklahoma; and Fresno, California.[24] Reedley, California (near Fresno) also has a sizable population of Mennonite origin.[24] Within the United States, Molotschna descendants founded several universities.[25] Mennonites founded Fresno Pacific University, as well as Bethel College and Tabor College in Kansas.[24]

In Manitoba, Canada, the East Reserve had a minority of its Mennonites originating from Molotschna.[24] In the 1940s, about 800 Mennonites from the West Reserve immigrated to northern Mexico, most of whom were Canadian Sommerfelder or Kleine Gemeinde Mennonites; thus, Molotschna-Plautdietsch is now spoken in Mexico.[57] The Plautdietsch spoken in Mexico, Bolivia, and Texas differs from that spoken farther north.[24] In western Texas, there are approximately 6,000 speakers of Plautdietsch. [24] Many speakers of Plautdietsch show main features of both Molotschna-Plautdietsch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch. Mennonites of Central Kansas, California, Nebraska and Oklahoma often maintain ties.[58] Molotschna Mennonites founded the Jagüeyes Colonies in Mexico.[25] Phonological differences exist between the Plautdietsch of Catholics and Mennonites in Canada's Saskatchewan Valley.[48] These include [iəә] for the phoneme /ea/ wea (was) and Pead (horses) for Mennonite speakers; Catholic speakers use [eəә], traced to Ukraine.[48] Lexical differences also exist.[48] However, the distinct features of Plautdietsch of Catholics do not sum up to a separate variety or at least cluster of varieties (as opposed to clustering concerning specific features).[48] The Catholic group shares several other phonological features with some Mennonite speakers, including the realization of /u/ as [u] (rather than [y]) and the absence of pre-velar fronting and any metathesis in final -re(n).[48] They have a categorical use of the aforementioned -e.[48] [48] Furthermore, the monophthongal realizations of ee as [eˑ] and oo as [oˑ], as well as their realization of ea as [eəә] is idiosyncratic.[48] The non-distinctive features of Plautdietsch of Catholics include [e] for example in the word kjänne(n), realization of /ɔa/ before velars, with non-fronted realizations (e.g., [oəә], [oˑ]), [ɲ] between vowels,[aʊj] and realization of au~ee in the word for gave (pl.) as <au>.[48]

In South America

In Paraguay, Molotschna-Plautdietsch is spoken in Neuland Colony and Fernheim Colony.[59] Some residents of Fernheim Colony and Tres Palmas Colony have Molotschna ancestry.[60] Molotschna-Plautdietsch is the dominant Plautdietsch variety in Fernheim Colony.[5] Friesland Colony was founded by people moving from Fernheim Colony.

In Brazil, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul have residents of Werdersch cum Molotschna origin.[60] Convenção Brasileira das Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas has half the members of Mennonite congregations in Brazil. Molotschna-Plautdietsch is also spoken in Southern Brazil.[59]

The denomination Flemish Mennonites was predominant in the Żuławy Malborskie, the denomination Frisian Mennonites in the Żuławy Elbląskie.[61] Later groups of settlers had more predominant representation of Frisian Mennonites from more southerly (Werder) areas.[62]

Modern Mennonite congregations

Evangelical Mennonite Conference is a denomination of Molotschna origin limited to Canada. More than half of its churches are in Manitoba province. Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches has most of its churches in the Midwestern US or Manitoba, Canada. Mennonite Brethren are a denomination originating from Molotschna. Mennonite Church USA has more members of Molotschna rather than of Chortitza origin.

In 1950, the first Mennonite Brethren congregation in Western Europe was founded in Neuwied, Germany, by people from the Soviet Union and Poland.[63] The next two congregations founded were Neustadt an der Weinstraße in 1960 and Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia in 1965.[63] Many of the free church members from the Soviet Union arriving in Germany before 1970 settled around the following places: Lage, Bielefeld, Espelkamp and Neuwied.[64] The Baptist-Brethren congregation in Paderborn was founded in 1972.[65] The Baptisten-Brüdergermeinde Bonn (Baptist-Brethren Congregation of Bonn), later renamed Evangelische Freikirche - Bapotisten, was founded in 1974, resulted in the foundation of Bibelseminar Bonn.[66] The first Mennonite congregation in Bielefeld was founded in the Brackwede district in 1974 (the congregation is now in the Heepen district and a Mennonite Brethren congregation).[67] The first Mennonite Brethren congregation founded by Aussiedler in the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in Espelkamp in 1974.[68] The German association Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden was founded by Baptist and Mennonite Brethren congregations in 1989.[69]

International Community of Mennonite Brethren

The United States probably have the largest number of members of International Community of Mennonite Brethren in America. Brazil has Convenção das Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas and Paraguay has Vereinigung der Mennoniten Brüder Gemeinden Paraguays. Its members in Germany are: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden Deutschland, Verband Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Bayern, and BeF (Taufgesinnte Gemeinden).

Congregations in Germany (1998)

Numerous congregations left their respective associations or were dissolved, e. g. both Augsburg congregations, the respective congregations in Bonn and Harsewinkel all left Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden association.[70] However, one congregation in Espelkamp changed from AeG, another association.[70] One independent Mennonite Brethren congregation in Daun joined BCD, an association.[70] One congregation in Bielefeld-Brackwede left Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden.[70] Bruderschaft der Christengemeinden in Deutschland had one member congregations each in Bebra, in Halle (Westfalen) and Harsewinkel, each of which left to become independent Mennonite Brethren congregations.[70] The congregations of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Bad Salzuflen and Bielefeld-Brake were dissolved, whereas new congregations in Berlin, Leipzig and Lügde joined. [71] A new independent Mennonite Brethren congregation was founded in Porta Westfalica.[72] The respective congregation in Simbach am Inn and Trostberg left Verband Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Bayern association.[72] Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden association was joined by formerly independent congregation in Böbingen as well as the respective new congregation in Brüchermühle, Dresden, Helpup, Herzebrock-Clarholz and Niederbreitbach. [73] Congregations probably founded after 1998, include an Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden congregation in Bopfingen, [74] another in Dresden,[75] an independent Mennonite Brethren congregation in Höningen,[75] one Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden congregation at Langwasser (Nuremberg)[76] and one in Sömmerda.[76] Bruderschaft der Christengemeinden in Deutschland (BCD) is an association, which had as its origin independent Mennonite Brethren congregations.[77] Its congregations in Bebra, Halle and Harsewinkel became independent Mennonite Brethren congregations, whereas its congregation in Bad Saulgau joined VEChB.[70] The later accessions to BCD include one congregation each in Achim, Alfeld, Aurich, Altenkunstadt, Bad Brückenau, Bad Salzungen, Berlin, Bernburg (Saale), Dauborn, Daun, Germany, Deggendorf, Gera, Geretsried, Greifswald, Hanover, Kehl, Leipzig, Lippstadt, Rhaunen, Saarbrücken, Siegburg, Stendal and Wesel.[78]

Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden association[73]

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden[71]

Independent Mennonite Brethren[72]

Verband Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Bayern association[72]

Bruderschaft der Christengemeinden in Deutschland association

[79]

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  2. Quiring (1924).
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  50. Quiring (1928), pp. 33, 35, 36.
  51. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=amishstudies
  52. Quiring (1928), pp. 33, 37.
  53. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Molotschna_Mennonite_Settlement_(Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)
  54. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Orenburg_Mennonite_Settlement_(Orenburg_Oblast,_Russia)
  55. Nina Berend/Hugo Jedig (eds.): Deutsche Mundarten in der Sowjetunion. Elwert, Marburg, 1991, p. 259/260
  56. "Contrasting Spaces in Plautdietsch". ideaexchange.uakron.edu. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  57. Brandt (1992), p. 252.
  58. Roslyn Burns, Contrasting Spaces in Plautdietsch: Language Variation and Change, 2021, p. 9 ()
  59. Siemens (2012), p. 242.
  60. Plewnia, Albrecht; Riehl, Claudia Maria (Mar 5, 2018). Handbuch der deutschen Sprachminderheiten in Übersee. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. ISBN 9783823379287. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021 – via Google Books.
  61. Penner (1952), p. 75.
  62. Christopher, Douglas. "Quantitative perspectives on variation in Mennonite Plautdietsch" (PDF). era.library.ualberta.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  63. Klassen (2007), p. 94.
  64. Klassen (2007), p. 95.
  65. Klassen (2007), pp. 95, 96.
  66. Klassen (2007), pp. 96, 97.
  67. Klassen (2007), p. 97.
  68. Klassen (2007), p. 98.
  69. Klassen (2007), p. 116.
  70. Klassen (2007), p. 369.
  71. Klassen (2007), p. 380.
  72. Klassen (2007), p. 385.
  73. Klassen (2007), p. 384.
  74. Klassen (2007), p. 402.
  75. Klassen (2007), p. 403.
  76. Klassen (2007), p. 404.
  77. Klassen (2007), p. 115.
  78. Klassen (2007), p. 382.
  79. Klassen (2007), p. 381/382.

Bibliography
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  • Burns, Roslyn (2016). New World Mennonite Low German: An Investigating of Changes in Progress (PhD). UC Berkeley. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  • Jähnig, Bernhard; Letkemann, Peter, eds. (1985). Danzig in acht Jahrhunderten (in German). Nicolaus-Copernicus-Verlag. p. 319.
  • Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German).
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