Murray Waas

Murray S. Waas is an American independent journalist and investigative journalist best known for his coverage of the White House planning for the 2003 invasion of Iraq and ensuing controversies and American political scandals such as the Plame affair (also known as the "CIA leak grand jury investigation", the "CIA leak scandal", and "Plamegate"). For much of his career, Waas focused on national security reporting, but has also written about social issues and corporate malfeasance. His articles about the second Iraq war and Plame affair matters have appeared in National Journal, where he has worked as a staff correspondent and contributing editor, The Atlantic, and, earlier The American Prospect.[1]

Murray Waas
Murray Waas, 2007
Murray Waas, 2007
BornPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Notable awardsFinalist, Pulitzer Prize, 1993; Goldsmith Prize, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1993; Society of Professional Journalists Award for Depth Reporting, 1998; Barlett & Steele Award for Business Investigative Journalism, Reynolds Center, Arizona State University 2011; Society Of American Business Editors and Writers, Investigative Reporting Prize, 2011.

Personal history

Waas was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and originally hoped to have a career in law and city politics ("To be the district attorney and mayor of the City of Philadelphia"). He attended George Washington University. He first began taking classes at age 16, while still in high school, as part of a program that allowed gifted students to begin college early. He later left college prior to graduation to instead work as a journalist.[2]

In 1987, when Waas was only twenty-six years old, he learned that he had a life-threatening "advanced form" of cancer. Years later, on June 26, 2006, Washington Post media writer Howard Kurtz years disclosed that Waas had been told that he had an "incurable Stage C" cancer and faced a "terminal diagnosis."[3][4][5]

Subsequently, Waas successfully sued the George Washington University Medical Center, which had negligently "failed to diagnose his cancer." Waas won a $650,000 verdict in the case. The verdict, in turn, was later upheld by the D.C. Court of Appeals."[3] Although, according to a report prepared by a pathologist who testified in the case, "over 90% of [such] patients... are dead within two years," Waas survived and was later declared "cancer-free."[3][4]—his recovery and survival later described as a miracle by the physicians treating him.[3][4] In winning the appeal of the jury's verdict by the hospital, the appeals court devised new case law expanding the rights of cancer patients and ordinary patients to seek justice through the courts because of medical mistakes.[3][4]

Although he initially shied away from writing about health care because of his history as a cancer survivor, in 2009 and 2010, Waas weighed in with a series of articles for Reuters, detailing how many of the nation's largest health insurance companies, improperly, and even illegally, canceled the policies of tens of thousands of policyholders shortly after they were diagnosed with HIV, cancer, and other life-threatening but costly diseases.[6] One story disclosed that the nation's then largest health insurer, WellPoint, using a computer algorithm, identified women recently diagnosed with breast cancer and then singled them out for cancellation of their policies, without a legitimate cause to do so.[7] The story not only caused considerable and immediate public outrage, but led Secretary of Health and Human Services, Kathleen Sebelius, and President Barack Obama, to call on WellPoint to end the practice.[8][9][10]

Pressured by the Obama administration, WellPoint and the nation's other largest health insurers agreed to immediately end the practice.[11] Waas was credited with saving the lives of countless other cancer patients like himself, and making sure that tens of thousands of other people did not have their insurance unfairly canceled.[11][12][13] He won the Barlett & Steele Award for Business Investigative Reporting from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication of Arizona State University as well as other honors for the stories.[13][14][15][16][17]

Professional career

While still attending college, Waas began working for American newspaper columnist Jack Anderson.[2] His journalistic work has since been published in such publications and outlets as The New Yorker, The Atlantic,The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Guardian. The Boston Globe, The Washington Post, McClatchy Newspapers, Reuters, the Associated Press, ABC News, The New York Review of Books, New York Magazine, Foreign Policy, Vox, Harper's, The New Republic, The American Prospect, The Nation, and The Village Voice.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

In his twenties, Waas was a staff writer for The Village Voice. The current masthead of the Voice lists Waas as a "Contributors Emeritus" to the newspaper, along with such other notable writers, critics, investigative reporters, and cartoonists who worked for the paper during the same era, as Wayne Barrett, Jack Newfield, Teresa Carpenter, Ron Rosenbaum, the late Norman Mailer, Mim Udovitch, Matt Groening and Mark Alan Stamaty.[26]

Waas first worked for columnist Anderson at age 18, the summer of his freshman year of college: "When I went out for interviews, the subjects took one look at me and just laughed... I was one of those 18-year-old kids who looked 15," he once recalled.[27]

In an obituary of Anderson, The New York Times wrote that Anderson's column was "the nation's most widely read, longest-running political column." Anderson liked to boast that he and his relatively small staff of mostly young reporters had done daily "what Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein did just once when they dug out the truth of the Watergate scandal."[28][27]

Idi Amin and economic sanctions

It was while working for Anderson, that Waas wrote more than a dozen columns exposing business dealings between American corporations and the genocidal African regime of Idi Amin; and other columns advocating that the United States impose economic sanctions against his regime.[27]

A number of historians and academicians have since concluded that the subsequent imposition of the sanctions led to the overthrow of the Amin regime and the end of genocide in that country. Several of the individuals involved in the political battle to have the sanctions imposed have credited Waas' reporting as indispensable to making the sanctions the law and official policy of the United States, without which Amin would have likely remained in power, and his genocide would have continued unabated.[27]

The idea that economic sanctions might lead to Amin's overthrow was originally conceived by Bill Goold, who proposed such an embargo in a college paper he wrote as a student at Oberlin College. Immediately after graduation, Goold went to work for then-Rep. Don Pease, a Democrat of Ohio, who introduced legislation requiring that the U.S. impose economic sanctions against Amin. But as a freshman member of Congress, and Goold, as a young staffer to a freshman, Pease and Goold faced a daunting challenge in generating interest in their cause. And when they did, the attention was often unfavorable: The State Department, The Washington Post editorial page, and the Jimmy Carter administration opposed such sanctions.[29]

Amin ruled as military dictator of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, and has been described as "one of the most brutal despots in modern world history". His rule was defined by torture, support for international terrorism, extrajudicial killings, the barbaric and random murders of ordinary citizens, and ethnic cleansing. Amin was believed to have murdered between at least 150,000 and 300,000 Ugandans in carrying out genocide against his own people. Amnesty International has estimated the number of people killed as high as 500,000.[30][31]

Ralp Nurnberger, a former staffer on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and professor of international relations at Georgetown University, concluded in a study for the African Studies Review that the economic sanctions imposed against Amin by the U.S. likely led to Amin's downfall. Nurnberger wrote that the congressional initiative to impose the sanctions had attracted scant attention or support outside a small number of members of Congress and congressional staff interested in the matter until "Jack Anderson assigned one of his reporters, Murray Waas to follow the issue" and to regularly write about it.

Nurnberger also characterized Waas' role as having "served as a useful contact for the congressional staff investigating this subject as well as Ugandan expatriates."[29]

The tremendous reach of Anderson's column amplified Waas' reporting on Amin and his advocacy of sanctions. At the time, Anderson's columns were published in more than 1,000 newspapers, which in turn had 40 million readers. Waas was eighteen and nineteen years old at the time he wrote the series of columns.[27][32]

The late Sen. Frank Church (D-Id.), a chairman of the Senate Foreign Committee, later said the congressionally imposed boycott "had a profound impact on the internal conditions [inside Uganda] and contributed to the fall of Idi Amin." Sen. Mark Hatfield (R-Or.), commented that the sanctions "provided the psychological and practical ingredients to complete a formula that would come to break Amin's seemingly invincible survivability."[29]

In an article about the sanctions, published in 2003, Foreign Policy magazine concluded that the U.S.-imposed trade embargo "proved devastating to the Ugandan economy" and that "they helped set in motion the events that led to the fall of the regime."[33]

During the Reagan administration, Waas was among a small group of reporters involved in breaking the story of the Iran-Contra affair.[1]

Waas won an Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship[34] in 1992 to research and write about the rights of the institutionalized and incarcerated in the U.S. For his fellowship, he investigated substandard conditions and questionable deaths at institutions for the mentally retarded, mental hospitals, nursing homes, juvenile detention centers, and jails and prisons.[5]

As part of his work for the Alicia Patterson Foundation, Waas published a 7,912 word article in the Los Angeles Times on April 3, 1994, detailing how mentally retarded children institutionalized by the District of Columbia government had died because of abuse and neglect.[35] The story led to renewed scrutiny by the U.S. Department of Justice of the city's treatment of its mentally retarded wards and spurred on the settlement of a civil suit brought against the city government by the parents of several children who had died due to abuse or neglect.[35][36]

In 1998 and 1999, Waas reported on Whitewater and the Clinton impeachment for Salon.com.[1]

The covert Reagan and George H.W. Bush foreign policies leading up to the first U.S. war with Iraq

Following the presidency of George Herbert Walker Bush, in 1993, while a reporter for the Los Angeles Times, Waas, along with his Los Angeles Times colleague Douglas Frantz, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in the category of national reporting for his stories detailing that administration's prewar foreign policy towards the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein[37] That same year, Waas was also a recipient of the Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting, awarded by the Joan Shorenstein Barone Center on The Press, of the John F. Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University, for "a series that detailed United States policy toward Iraq before the Persian Gulf war".[38][39][40][41][42]

In a broader context, Waas' and Frantz's stories, ABC News Nightline anchor Ted Koppel said, made it "increasingly clear...that George Bush, operating largely behind the scenes.. initiated and supported the financing, intelligence, and military help that built Saddam's Iraq into the aggressive power that the United States ultimately had to destroy."[43]

Writing in The New York Times, columnist Anthony Lewis similarly citing the reporting by Waas and Frantz, as well as that of Seymour Hersh, provided a "shocking answer" to those wondering how Saddam has grown into not only a regional menace but an international one: "The United States was feeding Saddam Hussein's war machine and his ambition." Lewis cited disclosures by Waas, Frantz, and Hersh, to show that this had been in large part due to the U.S. sharing secret intelligence with Iraq, and encouraging allies such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan to transfer arms of U.S. origin to Saddam.[44]

As part of that reporting, on March 10, 1992, Waas and Frantz reported that the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations had engaged in secret intelligence sharing with Saddam Hussein's Iraqi regime, despite falsely telling the congressional intelligence committees that all such cooperation had ended two years prior.[45]

In another story, published on April 18, 1992, Waas and Frantz, citing highly classified government records, first reported that the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, for more than a decade, had engaged in a covert policy of allowing Saudi Arabia to transfer American arms to Saddam Hussein's Iraq, as part of both administrations' covert foreign policy to support Saddam's regime. The story further alleged that both presidents Ronald Reagan and Georg H.W. Bush had secretly encouraged the arms transfers even though the transactions likely violated federal law and congressional restrictions.[46]

Also in 1992, Waas disclosed in an investigative story in The Los Angeles Times that the George H. W. Bush administration had allowed Pakistan to purchase American made weapons, despite a federal law then in place, prohibiting such sales unless the President were to certify to Congress that "Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive device."(At the time, Pakistan maintained a nuclear arsenal, which did not allow for the Bush administration to certify that Pakistan was nuclear free). The June 18, 1992 article led several Senators to charge that Bush administration had violated federal law by allowing for the arms sales. The late Senator John Glenn, Democrat of Ohio, told Waas that even though the arms ban "was signed by the president into law... his [own] Administration took steps not to comply with it." Senator Claiborne Pell, Republican of Rhode Island, and the-then chairman of the powerful Senate Foreign Services Committee, reacted to Waas' story by firmly asserting that the Bush State Department "has knowingly violated federal law by permitting" the arms sales to Pakistan.[47][48]

The misrepresentation of intelligence by the George H.W. Bush administration during the run-up to war with Iraq

More recently, Waas worked as a national correspondent and contributing editor of National Journal Waas garnered attention for having been one of only a small number of mainstream press reporters questioning whether the George H.W. Bush administration manipulated intelligence to take the country to war with Iraq—and later meticulously detailed for his readers after the war was over how the White House had done so.[1]

Summarizing those stories, The Washington Post online White House columnist Dan Froomkin, wrote on March 31, 2006, wrote that Waas' articles presented a "compelling narrative about how President Bush and his top aides contrived their bogus case for war in Iraq."[49][50]

Valerie Plame and the special counsel's investigation

While writing numerous stories about the second Bush administration's policies that led up to war with Iraq, Waas simultaneously wrote about the investigation of CIA leak prosecutor Patrick J. Fitzgerald's investigation as to who leaked covert CIA operative Valerie Plame's identity to the press—illustrating in his reporting how the two stories were inextricably linked in that the effort to damage Plame was part of a broader Bush White House effort to discredit those who were alleging that it had misrepresented intelligence information to make the case to go to war.[2][51][52]

Plame's identity as a covert CIA agent was leaked to the media by senior Bush White House officials to discredit and retaliate against her husband, former Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV, who had alleged the Bush administration misrepresented intelligence information to make the case to go to war with Saddam Hussein. I. Lewis (Scooter) Libby, the chief of staff to Vice President Dick Cheney, was later convicted on federal charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in an attempt to conceal his own role and that of others in the Bush White House in outing Plame, although President Bush would later commute Libby's thirty-month prison sentence. (President Bush's then chief political adviser, Karl Rove, was investigated by the special prosecutor, Patrick Fitzgerald, as well, but not charged.) Waas not only wrote the first story disclosing that it was Libby who had leaked Plame's identity to New York Times reporter Judith Miller, but the same story also paved the way for Miller, then in jail for more than a hundred days, for refusing to identify Libby as his source, to be released and testify against Libby.[53][54]

In an August 6, 2005 story in the American Prospect, Waas first disclosed that it was Libby who had first provided Plame's name to Miller.[53][54][55]

That same story also disclosed that Libby was encouraging Miller to stay in jail and not reveal that Libby was her source. After reading Waas' story, prosecutor Fitzgerald wrote a letter to Libby's attorney, citing Waas' reporting, demanding that Libby encourage Miller to finally testify. Fitzgerald wrote in the letter that "Libby had simply decided that encouraging Ms. Miller to testify was not in his best interest", that Libby discouraging Miller to testify so as to thwart the special counsel's investigation might be possibly construed as an obstruction of justice or witness tampering.[55] As a result, Libby then wrote and called Miller saying that it was alright for her to testify. After spending more than a hundred days in jail, Miller was released, whereupon she provided testimony and evidence to prosecutors against Libby, directly leading to Libby's indictment, and subsequent conviction, on multiple federal criminal charges of obstruction of justice and perjury. Washington Post media columnist Howard Kurtz wrote on April 17, 2006, that Waas' account "set in motion the waiver springing Miller from jail on contempt charges."[54]

Regarding these same stories on the Plame case, as well as his earlier stories on the misrepresentation of intelligence information by the Bush administration to take the U.S. to war with Iraq, New York University journalism professor and press critic Jay Rosen wrote that Waas had the promise to be his generation's ""new Bob Woodward": Rosen wrote that the most significant story of that time was how Bush and top aides had "deceptively drove the nation to war." Rosen had concluded that Waas had emerged as the leading reporter on that story.[56]

Several of Waas's later published accounts of that aspect of the Plame affair informed his Union Square Press book on the Libby trial published in June 2007, which he discusses in some detail in his interview with Amy Goodman on Democracy Now!.[57][58]

Mitt Romney and LGBT issues

During the final days of the 2012 presidential campaign, Waas wrote a series of articles for the Boston Globe detailing how Mitt Romney, as governor of Massachusetts, had implemented policies to restrict the rights of the state's LGBT community, as a way to curry favor with conservative and evangelical voters who vote in large numbers in the Republican presidential primaries.

Waas and the Globe reported that Romney and his aides held back the publication of an antibullying guide for teens originally sponsored by the State Department of Public Health because it contained the terms "bisexual" and "transgender." Aides to Romney were said to be anxious that evangelicals and anti-LGBT rights groups objected to the use of the terms.[59]

Garnering even more attention, Waas subsequently reported that Romney had refused to grant birth certificates to the children of same sex parents. State records obtained by Waas showed that a senior Department of Public Health lawyer warned in a confidential memo to her superiors warning that the Romney administration's failure to provide birth certificates to these children would constitute "'violations of existing statutes,' impair law enforcement and security efforts in a post 9/11 world, and would cause the children to encounter difficulties later in life as they tried to register for school, obtain a driver's license or a passport, enlist in the military, or even vote."[60]

Romney, who had once vowed to be even more outspoken than Ted Kennedy in support of LGBT rights, while running for state office in Massachusetts—and often was—begin to tell a very different story as he curried favor with conservative and evangelical voters. He emphasized opposing gay marriage and children being raced in same sex marriages: "Some gays are actually having children born to them," Romney declared in a 2005 speech to socially conservative voters in South Carolina, “It’s not right on paper."—Romney said in reference to denying birth certificates to the children of LGBT parents-- "It’s not right in fact. Every child has a right to a mother and father."

The reaction to the Waas stories on Romney was swift, as civil rights and LGBT groups condemned Romney in the days just prior to the election. Chad Griffin, the president of the Human Rights Campaign, the nation's largest gay-rights advocacy organization, said in a statement: "Mitt Romney has stood before the American people multiple times and said he does not support discrimination against LGBT people – and that is an outright lie.’’ Griffin further commented that by "denying birth certificates to children [of same sex parents]... Romney has undertaken to disenfranchise LGBT people.’’[61]

Trump era reporting

During the Trump administration, Waas was one of the first reporters to write about efforts by the National Enquirer, its parent company, American Media, Inc., and President Trump's then-personal attorney and fixer, Michael Cohen, to pay hush money to women with whom Trump had extramarital affairs.[62]

Also during the Trump administration, Waas broke more than two dozen significant stories regarding special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation, focusing primarily on whether President Trump obstructed justice during investigations by the FBI, Justice Department, and special counsel Robert Mueller into whether Trump or anyone close to him had encouraged had aided a covert initiative to prevent Hillary Clinton's election as president in 20016, and help elect Trump. These various stories primarily appeared in The New York Review of Books, The New York Times, Vox, and Foreign Policy.[63][64][65][66][67]

Waas broke the very first story disclosing that former FBI Director James Comey had corroboratory witnesses when it came to Comey's allegations that President Trump ordered him to shut down an FBI investigation into whether his then National Security Advisor Micheal Flynn had lied to the FBI about his conversations with a Russian diplomat, while Trump and Comey were completely alone in the Oval Office, on February 14, 2017. Special Counsel Mueller investigated Comey's allegations as a potential obstruction of justice by Trump.

Prior to Waas' story, Trump and his political supporters, had argued that Trump could not credibly face any serious legal jeopardy, for obstructing justice in the Flynn mater, as a result of Comey's allegations, because the evidence against Trump was solely based on Comey's word-- the word of an FBI Director who had only been recently fired versus that of the President of the United States. "We have to keep in mind that is one person's record of what happened," Republican National Committee Chair Ronna Romney McDaniel said on Fox News in one typical such comment repeated by Trump White House surrogates. "The only two people who know what happened in these meetings are the president and James Comey.""[68]

But in a June 7, 2017 report which appeared in Vox, Waas disclosed that Comey had contemporaneously spoke at length with three of his top aides about the president ordering him to shut down the FBI investigation of Flynn. In his story, Waas disclosed those officials to be Andrew McCabe, then the FBI's Acting Director (and the FBI's Deputy Director during the time he had spoken with Comey); Jim Rybicki, Comey's chief of staff; and James Baker, the FBI's then-General Counsel. Waas also wrote that more than one of the senior FBI officials also made contemporaneous notes of their conversations with Comey regarding Trump's obstruction of justice.[69] The Trump White House denied that this could have been true, asserting that Comey could not have told his three aides about something that never happened in the first place. But Comey himself confirmed that this indeed was case when he testified to the Senate Intelligence Committee the following day, in response to questions prompted by the Waas story.[70]

Waas was also one of the first reporters to disclose how President Trump attempted to exploit the U.S. Department of Justice to improperly investigate his perceived political enemies. On November 9, 2018, Waas reported in Vox that then-Acting Attorney General Matthew Whitaker had privately advised Trump as to how the Justice Department might be exploited to investigate Trump's political adversaries. Whitaker counseled Trump as to how a special counsel could be named to investigate Hillary Clinton, Waas wrote. Clinton had earlier been cleared by an earlier FBI investigation of whether she used a private email server while disseminating classified information; there was no new information that had come to light that Clinton had done anything to break the law when Trump pressured the DOJ to investigate Trump.[71]

On November 20, The New York Times, citing Waas' original reporting, published it own story reporting that its own sources had independently confirmed that Trump had pressured Whitaker and senior Justice Department officials to investigate Hillary Clinton. The Times story, however, went even further, disclosing that Trump ordered his then-White House Counsel, Don McGahn, to prosecute Hillary Clinton and James Comey, even if there was no real evidence that either did anything wrong. McGahn was so distressed by Trump's demands, The Times reported, that the White House Counsel warned the president in a memo that Trump might face "possible impeachment" if he persisted with such efforts.[72]

Based on the disclosures by the Vox and The New York Times reports, Senate Majority Leader, Charles Schumer, Democrat of New York, requested that the Justice Department's Inspector General investigate Whitaker's conduct. Schumer in particular asked the Inspector General to investigate allegations "by veteran journalist Murray Waas [in Vox, which] revealed that Whitaker.. was counseling the White House on how the president might pressure Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to direct the Justice Department to investigate Trump's enemies." Schumer also asked the Justice Department in his letter to investigate whether, Whitaker, while Acting Attorney General "may have shared with the White House... confidential grand jury or investigative information from the Special Counsel investigation."[73][74]

In 2019, Waas broke numerous other exclusive stories for Vox and The New York Review of Books about the impeachment investigation of President Trump. At issue were allegations that President Trump pressured the Ukrainian government to announce an investigation of Joe Biden's son, Hunter, for alleged illicit business deals in Ukraine. At the time, Joseph Biden was Trump's most likely Democratic opponent in the 2022 election. Trump allegedly threatened Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky withheld almost $400 million in U.S. military assistance to Ukraine until Zelensky agreed to announce such the inquiry.[75][76]

In 2019 and 2020, Waas wrote a series of articles in The New York Review of Books and The Guardian detailing new allegations the politicization and corruption of the Department of Justice during the Trump administration.[77]

In 2021 and 2022, Waas wrote a series of investigative stories about the attorneys, working on behalf of then president Donald Trump, who attempted to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election.

In a Dec. 2, 2021 article in The Guardian, Waas disclosed that one of the lead attorneys in that effort, Sidney Powell, had on multiple occasions falsely represented to the federal courts that numerous individuals were plaintiffs or co-counsel in her cases, without Powell first asking their permission to do so. Several of these sane people told Waas that they only learned that Powell had identified them as such after the fact.[78] On the very next day, Waas wrote another story about Powell disclosing that a federal grand jury was investigating both her and a non-profit she headed for fundraising fraud.[79]

In a rare interview about his work, on May 15, 2006, with Elizabeth Halloran, of U.S. News & World Report, when she asked whether he was "working on stories other than those involving the Fitzgerald investigation," Waas indicated that he has "been working on a long, explanatory piece about healthcare issues, the cervical cancer vaccine." Among the questions that he raised with Halloran are: "Why isn't that vaccine going to get to the people it should get to? Is it going to be locked away?"[2]

Main article: Cervarix

Asked during the same interview by Halloran why Waas had chosen not only not to appear on cable television shows, but had also been known to decline to go on such shows as Nightline and Meet the Press, he responded: "There's not much of it that really enlightens us. There are journalists who don't do journalism anymore. They go on television; they're blogging; they're giving speeches; they're going to parties. And then at the end of the week they've had four or five hours devoted to journalism."[2]

Waas further explained:

An acquaintance of mine, [Doonesbury cartoonist] Garry Trudeau, went a long time without going on TV, and we talked about having a 12-step program for people who appear on television too much. It would be a boom business in Washington. But Garry has lapses – he's been on Nightline, Charlie Rose. I also believe he did a morning show one time. But I've been steadfast. I have not been broken. I thought it was me and Garry against the world, the two amigos. He's left me hanging out there.[2]

Waas similarly told Washington Post media writer Howard Kurtz, who had nicknamed Waas "The Lone Ranger": "If my journalism has had impact, it has been because I have spent more time in county courthouses than greenrooms,"[54] Claude Lewis, a member of the editorial board of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote in a profile of the journalist that his low-key approach had proved to be effective: "His quiet and sometimes unorthodox manner is disarming... But he is an intelligent and intense digger, who checks and double-checks his facts.", Lewis wrote.[80]

Book publication

The United States v. I. Lewis Libby, edited and with reporting by Waas, was published by Sterling Publishing's Union Square Press imprint on June 5, 2007.[81][82][83]

The bulk of the book was an edited version of the trial transcript of the federal criminal trial of I. Lewis Libby, carefully culled from its original size of nearly a million words. The book also included an original essay written by Waas, entitled "The Last Compartment", which contained new information and reporting.[81][83]

The book's editor and publisher told USA Today that the book was an attempt to be "like the published reports from the 9/11 Commission and the Iraq Study Group" in both thoroughness and accuracy, providing additional context to the original documentary record, and adding new reporting and information.[81]

Reviewing the book in the Columbia Journalism Review, James Boylan, a contributing editor of the magazine, wrote for its November/December 2007 issue, wrote that Waas shed light on not only on the Plame affair, but also the "foibles of a cohort of Washington's current insider journalists" whose mistakes helped cause the scandal.[83]

Notable assessments of Waas's journalism

Waas's reporting on the administration of George W. Bush—especially with regard to the Bush administration's misrepresentation of intelligence to take the nation to war, and the Plame affair— has been called "groundbreaking" by New York University journalism Professor and press critic Jay Rosen, who has further written that he was anointing Waas as the "new Bob Woodward".[84][85][86][87]

While praising Waas, Rosen has severely criticized Woodward for allegedly allegedly been co-opted by the Bush White House into believing that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction when it fact had none, and also for not telling the truth about his role in the Plame affair, when he concealed that Plame's identity was leaked to him: "Not only is Woodward not in the hunt," Rosen wrote, "but he is slowly turning into the hunted. Part of what remains to be uncovered is how Woodward was played by the Bush team, and what they thought they were doing by leaking to him, as well as what he did with the dubious information he got."[84]

Rosen wrote that Waas had supplanted Woodward as the leading reporter of what Woodward had done earlier in his career: "finding, tracking, breaking into reportable parts--and then publishing--the biggest story in town."

Rosen added: "Today the biggest story in town is what really went down as the Bush team drove deceptively to war, and later tried to conceal how bad the deception--and decision-making--had been." Rosen said Waas had become the nation's leading reporter on the story.[84]

On October 27, 1992, the late David Shaw, then a staff writer for the Los Angeles Times who won a Pulitzer Prize for Criticism the previous year, assessed the reporting by his colleagues Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz on the first Bush administration's prewar policy towards Iraq leading up to the first Gulf War, noted that the reporters wrote more than 100 stores on the subject-- about half appearing on the newspaper's front page-- based on thousands of pages of highly classified government papers.[88]

Shaw wrote that their stories illustrated how the George H.W. Bush administration's provision of "billions of dollars worth of loan guarantees and military technology to Saddam Hussein" helped pay for, and supply, the sophisticated and deadly weapons which Saddam later "used against American and allied forces in the Persian Gulf War."

Media critic Russ Baker praised the same reporting in the Columbia Journalism Review,. observing that their stories were "admirably, light on anonymous sources and heavy on information from [classified] documents."

Baker further pointed out that Waas had earlier been one of only a handful of reporters who had written about the covert Reagan and Bush administrations' covert foreign policies leading up to hostilities with Iraq, prior to the war itself. Baker noted that the Village Voice on Dec. 18, 1990 "published a major investigation" by Waas demonstrating that George Bush had been a major behind-the-scenes advocate of a pro-Iraq tilt, during and after the Iran-Iraq war.[43]

During the presidential administration of William Jefferson Clinton, Waas wrote some of the very first investigative stories critical of Whitewater Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr. Several conservative media outlets, among them, the now defunct Weekly Standard and the editorial pages of the Wall Street Journal, as well as the late conservative syndicated columnist, Robert Novak, harshly criticized his reporting of both Starr's investigation and the resulting impeachment saga. The Journal's editorial page disparaged his stories for primarily appearing in "an Internet magazine called Salon (paid circulation zip)." Washington Post media critic Howard Kurtz wrote, however, that "what has infuriated the president's detractors is that Waas... and his colleagues are starting to draw blood." Kurtz noted that on the basis of Waas' reporting, the Justice Department had sought an investigation of Starr's most important witnesses against the president. And Kurtz further pointed out that several of Waas' stories had been picked up both The New York Times. and The Washington Post."[89] And in sharp contrast, media critics writing for the Online Journalism Review, the American Journalism Review, and The Washington Post, praised the very same reporting.[90] In The Washington Post, columnist John Schwartz wrote that reporting by Waas and his colleagues had "yielded amazing things."[91]

In June 1998, J.D. Lasica published "The Web: A New Channel for Investigative Journalism", a "sidebar" to his article entitled "Salon: The Best Pure-Play Web Publication?", published in American Journalism Review, assessing reporting on the Impeachment of Bill Clinton in Salon.com by Waas and his colleagues. "For some time now," Lasica wrote, "the mainstream media have taken shots at the Internet for allowing anyone to spread rumors, lies and conspiracy theories to a global audience of millions." Waas' reporting, Lasica wrote, had reversed that trend, demonstrating for perhaps the first time that online journalism had the potential to become an "alternative channel for original investigative journalism" and set the record straight about incorrect or misplaced reporting by mainstream news organizations.

Lasica opined further that "Salon's coverage of the Clinton-Lewinsky matter— was perhaps the "first sustained foray into classic investigative journalism" by an Internet publication and "served as a counterweight" to the mainstream media's "wolfpack mindset."

Andrew Ross, (then-managing editor of Salon) said that he believed "Salon's investigative journalism ... has raised old media's hackles because, because "it was done the old-fashioned way: shoe leather, cultivating sources, working the phones—no new-media tricks here." Indeed, Ross noted that Waas himself was [at that time] "a bit of a technophobe" who had not previously gone online much. Waas said that he wrote for Salon because 'I like the daily rhythm and the immediacy.'" David Weir, a co-founder of the Center for Investigative Reporting and journalism professor at the University of California at Berkeley, said that the reporting of Waas and his colleagues represented a "breakthrough" for a news site only publishing on the Web: "This was the first time we’ve seen an Internet news organization dig out an important national story that the rest of the media missed."[92]

Waas was the winner in 1998 of the Society of Professional Journalists Award for Depth Reporting for his coverage of Whitewater and the impeachment crisis.[93]

In the Online Journalism Review, Matt Welch praised the "web-only journalism' produced by Waas and two other Salon reporters had resulted in Starr's chief witness against Clinton having "suffered a serious blow to his credibility."[90]

On April 17, 2006, then-Washington Post media critic Howard Kurtz, published a profile of Waas describing him at times often both elusive and a serious journalist. Despite Waas having "racked up a series of scoops" for over a quarter-century, Kurtz wrote, the reporter preferred to remain in the "journalistic shadows" and wasn't apt to "toot his own horn." Waas initially refused to be interviewed for Kurtz's profile of the reporter, Kurtz wrote.

Waas told Kurtz that while many reporters were only pursuing stories "to get "television appearances or million-dollar book contracts, it is difficult for us to play our proper role... My theory is, avoid the limelight, do what's important and leave your mark. . . . If my journalism has had impact, it has been because I have spent more time in county courthouses than greenrooms."[54]

In the summer of 2006, writing in Nieman Reports, Jim Boyd, former deputy editorial page editor of the Minneapolis Star-Tribune for twenty-four years, prepared an "exclusive list" of newspaper reporters whom he considered "courageous," including among them, Dan Froomkin, and Waas.

In July 2007, GQ Magazine named Waas as one of four of "The Best Reporters You Don't Know About," praising his "years of groundbreaking watchdog journalism." The magazine cited his pieces on the Plame leak investigation and the firings of U.S. attorneys by the Bush administration as to examples of notable work.[94]

In 2009, Eric Alterman and Danielle Ivory, wrote for the website of the Center for American Progress that it was becoming "increasingly evident every day... [that] Internet-based reporters are increasingly setting priorities for the national news agenda". citing as a primary example Waas' role in "unearthing the truth about the outing of Valerie Plame." (Waas primarily broke his stories on the Plame affair on the websites of National Journal and the American Prospect, and earlier on his personal blog, when there was scant interest by the Washington establishment in the story.)[95]

Twice in 2010, Ryan Chittum of the Columbia Journalism Review wrote columns praising Waas' investigations of the U.S. health insurance industry. On March 17, 2010, Chittum wrote that Waas had conducted an "eye-opening investigation" demonstrating that, Assurant a major health-insurance company, had systematically targeted patients with costly and life-threatening health issues on the flimsiest of pretexts so they would no longer have to pay for their expensive care.[96] On April 22, 2010, Chittum again praised Reuters and Waas for publishing a story documenting how Wellpoint, the nation's largest health insure, had "systematically targeted customers with breast cancer" to find excuses to drop their coverage.[97]

Investigation of the U.S. health insurance industry

On the eve of the historic health reform vote in Congress, on March 17, 2010, Reuters published a story, based on a months long investigation by Waas, detailing how one of the nation's largest insurance companies, Assurant, had a policy of targeting all policyholders recently diagnosed with HIV for cancelation. The story asserted that the company utilized an algorithm which then "searched for any pretext to revoke their policy" on "the flimsiest of evidence."[6]

The Obama administration and members of Congress cited the report as a reason health care reform was necessary. In a column appearing only a few nights before the vote, following up on his own blog post on the same subject from two days earlier, New York Times columnist Paul Krugman wrote that the actions of Assurant were representative of the "vileness of our current system" and illustrated why reform was necessary[98][99]

After passage of the health reform bill, Reuters followed up, with another story by Waas on April 23, 2010, disclosing that WellPoint, the nation's largest health insurance company, had similarly targeted policyholders with breast cancer, shortly after their diagnoses.[7] The Reuters story asserted that WellPoint had employed a computer algorithm that specifically targeted all of their policyholders recently diagnosed with breast cancer, to search for any pretext whatsoever, to cancel their insurance, when they needed it the most. [7]

An earlier investigation by the House Energy and Commerce Committee had determined that WellPoint (now Anthem), Assurant, and UnitedHealth Group, had made at least $300 million by improperly rescinding more than 19,000 policyholders over one five-year period.."[7]

A Wellpoint executive testified before the committee that the company only engaged in rescission as a means of "stopping fraud and material misrepresentation that contributes to spiraling health care costs." But as Waas reported in his story, federal and state regulators could find virtually no instances in which a patient's policy has been legitimately canceled.

Waas pointed out that in 2007, the California Department of Managed Health Care had randomly examined 90 cases in which Anthem Blue Cross of California had canceled the health insurance policies of customers recently diagnosed with cancer or other life-threatening health conditions to see how many were legally justified. None were. The DMCH's study concluded: “In all 90 files, there was no evidence (that Blue Cross), before rescinding coverage, investigated or established that the applicant’s omission/misrepresentation was willful."[7]

The Waas story garnered immediate attention. Published not only on Reuters' website, one of the nation's most highly trafficked news sites, it also appeared on seven other of the ten most highly read news sites—those of The New York Times, The Washington Post, Yahoo News, ABC News, NBC News, MSNBC, and The Huffington Post.[11][12][96] The story was ubiquitous, appearing on dozens of other online news sites as well.

On April 23, 2010, Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius wrote Wellpoint's CEO, Angela Braly, to say that Wellpoint's actions were "deplorable" and "unconscionable," and called on the company to "immediately cease these practices."[9] Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi weighed in as well after reading the story, saying: "Americans who are fighting for their lives should not have to fight for their health insurance."[100][101]

President Obama, whose late mother had problems and disagreements with her own insurance carrier before she died from ovarian cancer, followed up on May 8, 2010, by severely criticizing WellPoint for the practice in his weekly radio address.[10][12][102]

As a result of both the public reaction to the story as well as intense pressure from the Obama administration, WellPoint agreed to voluntarily end such practices only a week after Waas' story appeared.[11] The nation's other largest health insurance companies only days later followed suit.[11]

Praising the reform, The New York Times editorial page noted in a May 2, 2010 editorial that the insurance companies had rushed to act "after they were whacked by some very bad publicity"—namely the Reuters story. [103]

Waas later won the Barlett & Steele Award for Business Investigative Reporting from the Walter Cronkite School at Arizona State University for his stories on WellPoint and other health insurance companies. He also won a second award by the Society of American Business Editors and Writers (SABEW) in the category of investigative reporting for reporting the same stories.[13][17]

See also

References
  1. Matt Welch, "Salon's Coverage Commands Respect for Net Journalists", Online Journalism Review (Annenberg School for Communication at USC), (April 30, 1998). Retrieved August 26, 2007.
  2. Liz Halloran, "A Muckraker's Day in the Sun" Archived January 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, interview with Murray Waas, U.S. News & World Report. (May 15, 2006) Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  3. Howard Kurtz, "Writer Sat on His Own Life-and-Death Story.". The Washington Post. (June 25, 2006). C-01. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
  4. Murray Waas, "A Reporter's Bias" The Huffington Post. (June 26, 2006). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  5. Murray Waas, "The Wag Time Pet Spa Conspiracy ... And a Cancer Survivor's Right to Respect", The Huffington Post (personal blog). (December 21, 2006). Retrieved June 21, 2007; contains hyperlink to Kurtz's article and his own related blog entries.
  6. Murray Waas, "Insurers Targeted HIV Patients to Drop Coverage" Archived March 29, 2011, at Archive-ItReuters. (March 17, 2010). Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  7. Murray Waas, "WellPoint Routinely Targets Breast Cancer Patients"Reuters, via Common Dreams. (April 24, 2010). Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  8. "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius Urges WellPoint to Immediately Stop Dropping Coverage for Women with Breast Cancer" Archived October 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Health and Human Services press release. (April 23, 2010). Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  9. Michele Gershberg, "U.S. to WellPoint: Stop Dropping Breast Cancer Patients" Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback MachineReuters. (April 23, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  10. Avery Johnson and Dinah Wisenberg Brin, "War of Words Heats Up Between Obama, WellPoint,". The Wall Street Journal. (May 11, 2010). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  11. "End to Rescission and More Good News". The New York Times (editorial). (May 2, 2010). Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  12. Timothy Noah, "Obama vs. WellPoint: How the Insurance Giant's Bad Behavior Advances Health Reform" Slate. (May 20, 2010). Retrieved May 20, 2011.
  13. Reynolds staff,"Reuters and Milwaukee Journal Receive 2010 Barlett & Steele Awards," Donald W. Reynolds National Center for Business Journalism, Walter Cronkite School, Arizona State University. (October 4, 2010). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  14. Claudia Parsons, "Reuters Wins Major Investigative Prize" Reuters. (Oct 5, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  15. Claudia Parsons, "Congratulations to Murray Waas" Reuters. (Oct 11, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  16. Barry May, "Murray Waas wins top prize for enterprise reporting" The Baron. (Jan. 5, 20110. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  17. Jim Impoco,"Thomson Reuters Wins 5 SABEW Best in the Business Awards" Reuters. March 23, 2010). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  18. The Atlantic: Article Archive for Murray Waas.
  19. The New Yorker: Article Archive for Murray Waas.
  20. The New York Review of Books: Article Archive for Murray Waas.
  21. New York Magazine: Article Archive for Murray Waas.
  22. Vox: Article Archive for Murray Waas.
  23. Foreign Policy: Article Archive for Murray Waas.
  24. Vice: Article Archive for Murray Waas.
  25. Contently: Article Archive for Murray Waas.
  26. Village Voice: Village Voice Editorial Staff.
  27. Murray Waas, "Jack Anderson: An Appreciation: The Muckraking Outsider Never Gave a Damn about Entree". The Village Voice. (December 19, 2005). Retrieved August 16, 2007.
  28. Douglas Martin, "Jack Anderson, Investigative Journalist Who Angered the Powerful, Dies at 83" The New York Times. (October 10, 2010)
  29. Ralph Nurnberger, "Why Sanctions Never Work: In The Case of Idi Amin, They Clearly Helped Drive Him From Power". International Economy. (Fall, 2003). Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  30. Keatley, Patrick (August 18, 2003). "Idi Amin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  31. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "Biography of Idi Amin, Brutal Dictator of Uganda". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  32. Patrick Kealtey, "Obituary: Idi Amin" The Guardian. August 18, 2003). Retrieved October 10, 2010.
  33. Judith Miller, "When Sanctions Worked" Foreign Policy. August 18, 2003). Retrieved October 10, 2010.
  34. Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship.
  35. Murray Waas, "Bleak House: As Patients Died One by One, a Washington D.C. Home for the Mentally Retarded Became One of the Nation's Deadliest Institutions". Los Angeles Times. (April 4, 1994). Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  36. Murray Waas, "$1 Million Settlement Due in Death of Six Retarded Persons," Los Angeles Times. (April 4, 1994). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  37. Pulitzer Prizes, National Reporting.
  38. Goldsmith Prizes for Investigative Reporting, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Archived November 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  39. Goldsmith Prizes for Investigative Reporting: Previous Winners and Finalists.
  40. Elissa Gootman, "Goldsmith Prizes Awarded" Harvard Crimson. (March 26, 1993. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  41. "Investigative Reporters Win Goldsmith Prize". New York Times. April 5, 1993.
  42. Goldsmith Awards: 1993.
  43. Russ W. Baker, "Iraqgate: The Big One That (Almost) Got Away: Who Chased It and Who Didn't". Columbia Journalism Review. (March/April 1993). Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  44. Anthony Lewis, "Who Fed This Teaser?". The New York Times. March 15, 1992). Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  45. Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz,"U.S. Gave Intelligence Data to Iraq 3 Months Before Invasion.". Los Angeles Times. March 10, 1992. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  46. Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz,"Saudi Arms Link to Iraq Allowed" : Mideast: Under Reagan and Bush, U.S. weapons were secretly provided to Baghdad, classified documents show. The White House kept Congress in the dark.". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 1992, Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  47. Murray Waas, "Despite Ban, U.S. Arms Are Sold to Pakistan ". The Los Angeles Times. March 6, 1992) June 18, 2016.
  48. Murray Waas and Douglas Frantz, "U.S. Knew Arms Sales Broke Law, Pell Charges : Pakistan: The State Department was aware that commercial military transfers are barred by 1985 law tied to nuclear weapons, senator says.". The Los Angeles Times. March 7, 1992) June 18, 2016.
  49. Dan Froomkin, "A Compelling Story". The Washington Post. (March 31, 2006). Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  50. "A Compelling Story". Bush Archive. (March 31, 2006). Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  51. Murray Waas,"What Bush Was Told About Iraq". National Journal. (May 14, 2006). Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  52. Murray Waas, "Insulating Bush". National Journal.(April 1, 2006). Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  53. Murray Waas, "The Meeting". American Prospect. (October 4, 2005)
  54. Howard Kurtz "The Lone Ranger". The Washington Post. (April 17, 2006). Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  55. Josh Gerstein, "Prosecutor Thought Libby Deliberately Failed to Intervene on Reporter's Behalf". New York Sun. (October 4, 2005). Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  56. Jay Rosen, "Murray Waas Is Our Woodward Now".PressThink (blog). (April 9, 2006).
  57. Press release, Sterling Publishing, March 6, 2007, "Press Room" Archived July 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine: US_v_ILewisLibby_Release.doc Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (Downloadable document file); cf. catalogue description Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine; both retrieved June 21, 2007. [Note: The downloadable press release file is misnamed; it is not a ".pdf" file; it is a ".doc" file.]
  58. Amy Goodman, "Ex-Cheney Chief of Staff Lewis 'Scooter' Libby Convicted of Perjury, Obstruction in CIA Leak Trial" Archived April 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Interview with Murray Waas and Marcy Wheeler. Democracy Now!. (March 7, 2007). Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  59. Murray Waas and Christopher Rowland "No mention of 'bisexual', 'transgender' under Romeny.". The Boston Globe. June 12, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  60. Murray Waas, "Mitt Romeny rejected birth certificates for gay parents.". The Boston Globe. October 25, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  61. Murray Waas, "Mitt Romney is criticized by gay-rights groups for blocking routine birth certificate approvals for same-sex parents.". The Boston Globe. October 25, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  62. "Tools of Trump's Fixer: Payouts, Intimidation and the Tabloids.". The New York Times. February 18, 2018, Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  63. Murray Waas, "Flynn, Comey, and Mueller: What Trump Knew and When He Knew It.". The New York Review of Books. July 31, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  64. Murray Waas, "Mike Pence, Star Witness". The New York Review of Books. Sept. 25, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  65. Murray Waas, "Trump Ordered Bannon to Limit Testimony.". Foreign Policy. January 18, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  66. Murray Waas,"Inside the DOJ's struggle with Trump's demand for a 'Spygate' investigation.". Vox. July 3, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  67. Murray Waas,"The Trump Obstruction of Justice Mueller Missed?". The New York Review of Books. August 17, 2020. Retrieved Nov. 3, 2020.
  68. Murray Waas, "Exclusive: top FBI officials could testify against Trump.". Vox. August 3, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  69. Murray Waas, "3 senior FBI officials can vouch for Comey's story about Trump.". Vox. June 7, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  70. "Full Transcript and Video: James Comey's Testimony on Capitol Hill.". The New York Times. June 8, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  71. Murray Waas, "Whitaker was counseling the White House on investigating Clinton.". Vox. November 9, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2019.
  72. Michael S. Schmidt and Maggie Haberman, "Trump Wanted to Order Justice Dept. to Prosecute Comey and Clinton.". The New York Times. November 20, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  73. Alexander Bolton, "Schumer calls for investigation of Whitaker's contacts with White House.". The Hill. November 20, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  74. "Schumer calls on Justice Department inspector general to look into Matt Whitaker.". CNN.com. November 20, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  75. Murray Waas, "The wolves are coming for Kurt Volker.". Vox. November 18, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019.
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  77. Murray Waas, "Revealed: White House liaison sought derogatory info on E Jean Carroll from DoJ official.". The Guardian. Jan. 14, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  78. Murray Waas, "Revealed: how Sidney Powell could be disbarred for lying in court for Trump." The Guardian. Dec. 2, 2021). Retrieved March 11. 2022.
  79. Murray Waas, "Sidney Powell filed false incorporation papers for non-profit, grand jury finds" The Guardian. Dec. 3, 2021). Retrieved March 13. 2022.
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Bibliography
Pertinent selected articles and books by Murray Waas
Pertinent selected articles about and interviews of Waas
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