Muscle tension dysphonia

Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) was originally coined in 1983 by Morrison[2] and describes a dysphonia caused by increased muscle tension of the muscles surrounding the voice box: the laryngeal and paralaryngeal muscles.[3] MTD is a unifying diagnosis for a previously poorly categorized disease process. It allows for the diagnosis of dysphonia caused by many different etiologies and can be confirmed by history, physical exam, laryngoscopy and videostroboscopy, a technique that allows for the direct visualization of the larynx, vocal cords, and vocal cord motion.[4]

Muscle Tension Dysphonia
SpecialtyOtolaryngology, Speech Language Pathology[1]
Symptomschanges in voice, hoarse voice, breathy voice[1][2]
Usual onsetMiddle Age[2]

MTD has been known by other names including muscle misuse dysphonia, hyperfunctional dysphonia, and hyperkinetic dysphonia among others.[1] MTD can be broken in two groups: primary and secondary. Primary MTD occurs without an underlying organic cause while secondary MTD occur due to an underlying organic source.[3]

MTD is more commonly diagnosed in women,[5][3] the middle aged,[2] and individuals who have high levels of stress.[1] It also more often seen in those who use their voice often such as singers and teachers.[2]

Etiology

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of MTD is multifactorial.[3][6] Voice production requires the coordination of multiple muscles and other structures in the larynx.[7] Multiple factors cause the muscles of the larynx to become tense. This changes the position of the larynx and affects the cartilaginous structures within the larynx leading to abnormal phonation.[3] There is increased muscle activity in MTD due to personal temperament, increased vocal use, and underlying medical or physical causes.[3]

Primary MTD

Primary MTD has no underlying medical or physical cause and no known psychogenic or neurologic cause.[8] It is caused by increased tension of the laryngeal muscles secondary to personality traits such as anxiety or life factors such as increased stress.[3] Individual with high vocal use like teachers, singers, and others professions with high vocal expectations can also develop MTD.[3] Additionally incorrect use of the voice can cause increased tension and lead to MTD.[3] Primary MTD makes up a significant proportion (as high as 40%) of patients seen for voice complaints.[9]

Secondary MTD

Secondary MTD is caused by an underlying medical or physical reason.[3] Vocal fold lesions such as a vocal fold nodule or other changes in the vocal fold mucosa can lead to increased tension in the larynx and cause dysphonia.[2] Larynogopharyngeal reflux, a process that is similar to GERD, can bring stomach acid into the larynx. This can provoke the larynx to tense to prevent the aspiration of the acid.[3] It also has been found that MTD can occur in postmenopausal women due to decreased hormone levels which lead to swelling of the laryngeal tissues and eventual atrophy.[3] Older men can also develop MTD as their vocal cords thin as they age.[3] Post infectious MTD is also possible. For example during an episode of laryngitis, the muscles of the larynx tense secondary to the inflammation and residual tension can remain following the resolution of the illness.[3]

Signs and Symptoms

The voice quality in MTD can be described as breathy and can also sound harsh.[2] Patients may complain that their voice sounds abnormal as well as needing to strain to produce sound, and having increased dysphonia with increased vocalization.[1]

Diagnosis

A multidisciplinary team including otolaryngologists and speech language pathologists is useful for the evaluation and diagnosis of MTD.[1] It is important to consider other dysphonias in the differential diagnosis.

Physical Exam

Palpation is a key exam maneuver when evaluating MTD. Because of the increased muscle tension of the paralaryngeal and laryngeal muscles, the larynx will be elevated on palpation.[6] To make the exam more objective, various scales have developed to help standardize the process.[10][11]

Voice Quality

The voice in MTD has been described as hoarse and breathy.[2] MTD can be distinguished for another similar dysphonia, adductor spasmodic dysphonia, by differences in voice characteristics.[12] In MTD, all vocal tasks (vowels, singing, etc) are difficult for the patient while in adductor spasmodic dysphonia, some vocal tasks are difficult while others are unaffected.[12] There are objective parameters that help characterize the degree of dysphonia such as the Dysphonia Severity Index.[13] This index is made up of many measurements of the voice include voice frequency measurements (high and low), maximum phonation time (MPT), and jitter (frequency instability).[13][14]

Vocal Fold Visualization

Videostroboscopy is the use of a camera to see the larynx and vocal cords.[15] Stroboscopy allows the visualization of vocal cord movement, which vibrate too quickly for human eye to perceive.[15] When assessing the vocal cords, the most common finding in MTD is a posterior glottic gap.[2] Other findings include increased movement of the vocal folds towards one another, and changes in the angles of the vocal fold openings.[15]

Other Diagnosis Modalities

Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been considered as a diagnosis tool for MTD.[16] sEMG can measure the muscle units of the muscles of the larynx to deduce if there is increased activity which means they are more tense.[16] The results of studies using sEMG in MTD is currently mixed. Some studies demonstrate increased EMG levels in MTD[17][18] while others do not demonstrate a difference in EMG between individuals with MTD and individuals without MTD.[16]

Treatment

Medical Treatment

In secondary MTD, the underlying medical cause should be addressed. Residual infections should be treated.[3] Laryngopharyngeal reflux is treated similarly to GERD with diet and lifestyle adjustments and consideration for a proton pump inhibitor.[3]

Voice Therapy

Voice therapy is commonly used in the treatment of MTD.[7] The goal of voice therapy is to encourage proper vocal used and decrease the tension of the laryngeal muscles.[15] Examples of voice therapy include voice exercises to help increase glottic closure, vocal hygiene, manual laryngeal therapy, respiratory exercises, nasal exercises and frequency modulation amongst other techniques.[15]

Surgery

Surgery may be used as a treatment when there is a vocal lesion such as nodule or polyp that is causing the MTD.[3] There is little utility to surgery in primary MTD.[3]

References
  1. Altman, Kenneth W.; Atkinson, Cory; Lazarus, Cathy (June 2005). "Current and Emerging Concepts in Muscle Tension Dysphonia: A 30-Month Review". Journal of Voice. 19 (2): 261–267. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.03.007. ISSN 0892-1997. PMID 15907440.
  2. Morrison, M. D.; Rammage, L. A.; Belisle, G. M.; Pullan, C. B.; Nichol, H. (October 1983). "Muscular tension dysphonia". The Journal of Otolaryngology. 12 (5): 302–306. ISSN 0381-6605. PMID 6644858.
  3. Van Houtte, Evelyne; Van Lierde, Kristiane; Claeys, Sofie (March 2011). "Pathophysiology and Treatment of Muscle Tension Dysphonia: A Review of the Current Knowledge". Journal of Voice. 25 (2): 202–207. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2009.10.009. ISSN 0892-1997. PMID 20400263.
  4. Sercarz, Joel A.; Berke, Gerald S.; Gerratt, Bruce R.; Ming, Ye; Natividad, Manuel (July 1992). "Videostroboscopy of Human Vocal Fold Paralysis". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 101 (7): 567–577. doi:10.1177/000348949210100705. ISSN 0003-4894. PMID 1626902. S2CID 22044354.
  5. Roy, Nelson (June 2003). "Functional dysphonia". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 11 (3): 144–148. doi:10.1097/00020840-200306000-00002. ISSN 1068-9508. PMID 12923352. S2CID 18595200.
  6. Khoddami, Seyyedeh Maryam; Nakhostin Ansari, Noureddin; Izadi, Farzad; Talebian Moghadam, Saeed (2013). "The Assessment Methods of Laryngeal Muscle Activity in Muscle Tension Dysphonia: A Review". The Scientific World Journal. 2013: 507397. doi:10.1155/2013/507397. ISSN 1537-744X. PMC 3834625. PMID 24319372.
  7. da Cunha Pereira, Gabriela; de Oliveira Lemos, Isadora; Dalbosco Gadenz, Camila; Cassol, Mauriceia (September 2018). "Effects of Voice Therapy on Muscle Tension Dysphonia: A Systematic Literature Review". Journal of Voice. 32 (5): 546–552. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.06.015. ISSN 0892-1997. PMID 28739332. S2CID 44364291.
  8. Verdolini, Katherine (2014-04-08). Verdolini, Katherine; Rosen, Clark A.; Branski, Ryan C. (eds.). Classification Manual for Voice Disorders-I. doi:10.4324/9781410617293. ISBN 9781410617293.
  9. Lowell, Soren Y.; Kelley, Richard T.; Colton, Raymond H.; Smith, Patrick B.; Portnoy, Joel E. (2012-01-17). "Position of the hyoid and larynx in people with muscle tension dysphonia". The Laryngoscope. 122 (2): 370–377. doi:10.1002/lary.22482. ISSN 0023-852X. PMID 22252849. S2CID 28727823.
  10. Angsuwarangsee, Thana; Morrison, Murray (September 2002). "Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscular Tension in Patients with Voice Disorders". Journal of Voice. 16 (3): 333–343. doi:10.1016/s0892-1997(02)00105-4. ISSN 0892-1997. PMID 12395986.
  11. Kooijman, P.G.C.; de Jong, F.I.C.R.S.; Oudes, M.J.; Huinck, W.; van Acht, H.; Graamans, K. (2005). "Muscular Tension and Body Posture in Relation to Voice Handicap and Voice Quality in Teachers with Persistent Voice Complaints". Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. 57 (3): 134–147. doi:10.1159/000084134. ISSN 1021-7762. PMID 15914997. S2CID 30712211.
  12. Roy, Nelson (June 2010). "Differential diagnosis of muscle tension dysphonia and spasmodic dysphonia". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 18 (3): 165–170. doi:10.1097/MOO.0b013e328339376c. ISSN 1068-9508. PMID 20389245. S2CID 5483819.
  13. Wuyts, Floris L.; Bodt, Marc S. De; Molenberghs, Geert; Remacle, Marc; Heylen, Louis; Millet, Benoite; Lierde, Kristiane Van; Raes, Jan; Heyning, Paul H. Van de (June 2000). "The Dysphonia Severity Index". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 43 (3): 796–809. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4303.796. ISSN 1092-4388. PMID 10877446.
  14. Teixeira, João Paulo; Oliveira, Carla; Lopes, Carla (2013). "Vocal Acoustic Analysis – Jitter, Shimmer and HNR Parameters". Procedia Technology. 9: 1112–1122. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.124. ISSN 2212-0173.
  15. Casiano, Roy R.; Zaveri, Vijaykumar; Lundy, Donna S. (July 1992). "Efficacy of Videostroboscopy in the Diagnosis of Voice Disorders". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 107 (1): 95–100. doi:10.1177/019459989210700115. ISSN 0194-5998. PMID 1528610. S2CID 9792644.
  16. Van Houtte, Evelyne; Claeys, Sofie; D'haeseleer, Evelien; Wuyts, Floris; Van Lierde, Kristiane (March 2013). "An examination of surface EMG for the assessment of muscle tension dysphonia". Journal of Voice. 27 (2): 177–186. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2011.06.006. ISSN 1873-4588. PMID 21889301.
  17. Redenbaugh, Margaret A.; Reich, Alan R. (Feb 1989). "Surface EMG and Related Measures in Normal and Vocally Hyperfunctional Speakers". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 54 (1): 68–73. doi:10.1044/jshd.5401.68. ISSN 0022-4677. PMID 2915528.
  18. HOCEVAR-BOLTEZAR, I.; JANKO, M.; ZARGI, M. (Jan 1998). "Role of Surface EMG in Diagnostics and Treatment of Muscle Tension Dysphonia". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 118 (5): 739–743. doi:10.1080/00016489850183287. ISSN 0001-6489. PMID 9840515.
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