BioShock (series)

Following from its influences in System Shock 2, the games in the BioShock series broadly raise the question of free will of the central character, often acting at suggestions of an unreliable narrator who is using the character for their own ulterior motives.[18] Levine had long been interested in evaluating how choice works in video games, both at the narrative level as well as at the player level, and the BioShock games represent his attempt to alter the perception of choice typically associated with the interactive medium.[19][20] In BioShock, the player-character follows instructions from a man named Atlas to kill Andrew Ryan, the founder of the underwater city of Rapture. Once the character meets Ryan, Ryan reveals that the character has been under mind control throughout their arrival in Rapture, following any instruction led off by "Would you kindly...", which Atlas had been using. Ryan shows that he chooses free will by using the trigger phrase to have the character kill him, stating "A man chooses, a slave obeys" before his death.[11][21][22][23][24]

The first BioShock game is themed around the philosophy of Objectivism established by Ayn Rand. Levine had been inspired for the game's setting after visiting the GE Building and the statue of Atlas in front of it while in New York City, and researching John D. Rockefeller, who Levine called "a great man building an architectural triumph against all the odds".[11] This led to the creation of Rapture and the character of Andrew Ryan loosely based on Rockefeller, with Ryan's name based on Ayn Rand's.[11][25] Levine incorporated Objectivism concepts into these elements, particularly on the idea that man should be driven by selfishness and not altruism.[11] One major gameplay element requires the player to decide how they interact with the Little Sisters that have harvested ADAM, either opting to save the girls for a small reward, or harvest the full amount of ADAM for their own benefit by killing the Little Sisters.[11] Ars Technica states that the city of Rapture falls not necessarily because of objectivism, but through the corrupting power needed to control such a city.[26]

BioShock 2 focuses on versions of utilitarian and collectivist ideals.[27] Sofia Lamb, who rose to control Rapture in the wake of events from BioShock holds a philosophy of altruism that is based on historical figures Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill, along with modern figures such as Richard Dawkins.[28] In comparison to BioShock's questions of free will and humans' destiny, BioShock 2's director Jordan Thomas said that the player character is "almost the ultimate individual" whom Lamb goads to fulfill her goals.[27] Professor Ryan Lizardi draws parallels between BioShock 2's themes of community versus the individual and the issues of McCarthyism and the hippie movement that occurred around the time period of the game's setting. "As this sequel is an extension of the first game's storylines and characters, there are direct contrasts between the extreme politics of Andrew Ryan's objectivism and the extreme religion/politics of Lamb's collectivism", he writes. "BioShock 2 specifically asks players to question all sides of debates when extreme stances are taken, and asks players to weigh their decisions in an alternate and complex history."[29]

BioShock Infinite used the concept of American exceptionalism as the basis for its setting of the floating city of Columbia at the turn of the 20th century. In capturing this period, Levine said that the game included aspects of racism, white supremacy and white nationalism and other political and social issues as they were at that point in time, not to make a statement in regards to these areas but that it would be "dishonest" and "strange" to not include them.[30][31][32] Levine considered the presentation of these elements in the game as simply historical, and invited players to derive any interpretation in meaning from them themselves.[33] Separately, BioShock Infinite explores concepts related to multiple realities and "constants and variables",[34][35] and understanding the impacts of free will, choice and consequences on one's actions.[36][37]

BioShock was released on August 21, 2007, for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360. A PlayStation 3 port was released on October 17, 2008. The game was critically very well received, with positive reviews that praised its "morality-based" storyline, immersive environment and Ayn Rand-inspired dystopian back-story.[38] According to Take-Two's chairman Strauss Zelnick, the game has sold around 3 million copies as of June 2009.[39]

BioShock takes place in 1960, in the fictional underwater city of Rapture. Built in the late 1940s by business tycoon Andrew Ryan, it was meant to be a laissez-faire social environment for individuals to work, live, and prosper out of the increasingly oppressive hands of the world's governments and authorities. Dr. Brigid Tenenbaum, Dr. Yi Suchong, and other scientists discovered a substance called ADAM, harvested from sea slugs that could be made into plasmids that gave the user psychokinetic powers. Frank Fontaine, a former gangster and businessman who brought black market goods to Rapture, found a way to harvest ADAM by implanting the slugs in the bodies of young girls, "Little Sisters", and profited from this. Ryan led an attack that apparently killed Fontaine and seized his ADAM production facilities. To protect the Little Sisters, Ryan created Big Daddies by conditioning and mutating humans into armored diving suits. Leading up to New Year's Eve 1959, a new figure, Atlas, rose from the worker classes to lead a revolt against Ryan, killing many and leading Ryan to mutate a number of his followers into Splicers to protect himself, creating the downfall of Rapture's utopia.

In 1960, Jack, the player-character, is in a plane crash over the ocean that is near the lighthouse which houses a bathysphere that takes him to Rapture. Atlas contacts Jack to ask his help against Ryan's forces. Jack discovers the Little Sisters and is warned by Tenenbaum not to harm them. After fighting through the failing city, Jack makes it to Ryan's offices. Ryan, patiently playing golf while waiting for Jack, reveals that Jack is his illegitimate son, and had been mentally conditioned by Fontaine to coerce his actions, specifically following any order preceded by the phrase "Would you kindly...?". Jack realizes Atlas has been using this phrase since his arrival. Ryan accepts his fate, using the phrase to make Jack kill him with a golf club, and Atlas reveals himself as Fontaine, having gone into hiding to plan a new strategy against Ryan. Fontaine leaves Jack to die, but he is rescued by Tenenbaum and the Little Sisters. Tenenbaum removes the conditioning from Jack's mind and urges him to defeat Fontaine and take the Little Sisters to the surface. In a final battle against Jack, Fontaine injects himself with numerous plasmids. Jack and the Little Sisters overpower him, allowing for them to escape.

With the critical and commercial success of BioShock, 2K formed a new studio, 2K Marin, to produce a followup. Jordan Thomas, level designer on the first BioShock, served as creative director, and was one of several Irrational Games members to join the new effort. 2K Australia, Arkane Studios, and Digital Extremes providing additional support. BioShock 2 takes place eight years after the events of BioShock where a new leader, Sofia Lamb, has risen up in the power vacuum after the death of Ryan and Fontaine, and has created a collectivist cult of personality. Prior to the events of BioShock, Lamb used mind control to have the Big Daddy Delta (the player-character) commit suicide, thus severing the physiological bond between him and her daughter Eleanor, the Little Sister he was assigned to protect. Delta is resurrected ten years later by Tenenbaum and the Little Sisters and is told that unless he re-establishes his bond with Eleanor soon, he will fall into a coma or die once more. Delta fights his way through Splicers as well as those loyal to Lamb, defeats Lamb, and sacrifices himself to help Eleanor, Tenenbaum, and other Little Sisters to escape Rapture. The game features a multiplayer component, set during the civil war before the events of the first game, and featured downloadable content, including a single-player expansion, BioShock 2: Minerva's Den.

BioShock 2 was released worldwide on February 9, 2010.[40] It was critically praised, though not as highly as BioShock, and sold more than three million copies, though its performance was considered disappointing by 2K.

BioShock Infinite was announced on August 12, 2010, for release on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 systems on February 26, 2013; on December 7, 2012, Irrational Games announced that release would be delayed by another month, to March 26, 2013.[41] Previously known as "Project Icarus", BioShock Infinite is not a direct sequel or prequel to the original game, but carries many of the same gameplay concepts from the BioShock title.

BioShock Infinite takes place in 1912 in Columbia, a city suspended in the air through "quantum levitation", built and launched in 1893 by the American government during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, to much fanfare and publicity. However, it was later involved in an "international incident" by firing upon a group of Chinese civilians during the Boxer Rebellion. After being ordered to return to American soil, Columbia seceded from the United States and relocated above the clouds, with its whereabouts unknown to the world. As with Rapture, Columbia's intellectuals were able to develop new technology, including Vigors that grant the user new psychokinetic powers. At the same time, strange rifts in the space-time continuum called "Tears" appear across the city, and anachronistic elements can be seen and heard.

The player-character, Booker DeWitt, a disgraced member of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency discharged after his actions at the Wounded Knee Massacre, is sent to Columbia by Robert and Rosalind Lutece (the Lutece twins) to recover Elizabeth, a young woman that had been kidnapped by Columbia's leader, Zachary Comstock, and protected by the robotic Songbird. Booker rescues Elizabeth (who subsequently accompanies the player as an AI-controller ally), who appears to have control over the Tears.[42] Their escape is hampered by fighting between the Founders, those loyal to Comstock, and the Vox Populi, residents of Columbia who have faced persecution. Booker comes to discover that Elizabeth is his daughter and that Comstock is a version of himself from one of numerous parallel universes whom had accepted a baptism to atone for his actions at Wounded Knee and established the beliefs that led to Columbia's founding. Comstock had kidnapped Elizabeth from Booker while she was an infant with the help of Tear technology provided by the Lutece twins (in essence the same person from alternate dimensions), but in his escape, Elizabeth's finger was severed by the closure of a Tear, giving her the power over Tears. Booker eventually defeats Songbird and Comstock with the help of Elizabeth and the Twins, as Comstock had turned on them. Elizabeth shows Booker that these events will always repeat through the multitude of parallel universes, and the only way to end the cycle is to kill all versions of Booker before he can turn into Comstock at the baptism. Booker accepts this fate, allowing Elizabeth to drown him.

A downloadable content expansion, Burial at Sea, was released in two-parts on November 12, 2013, and March 25, 2014.[43] Elizabeth finds one version of Comstock has ended up in the city of Rapture from BioShock, having reverted to his birth name of Booker DeWitt and working as a private detective. Elizabeth joins him as they search for a missing girl named Sally, but become caught up in the events of Atlas' war against Andrew Ryan. They find that scientists of Rapture have been working with those on Columbia through Rifts, sharing technology such as Plasmids and Vigors, and the Big Daddies and Songbird. After discovering Sally has already become a Little Sister, and losing her Rift-controlling powers, Elizabeth kills the last Comstock, and sacrifices herself to assure that Sally and the other Little Sisters can be rescued by Jack.

In February 2014, while promoting Burial at Sea: Episode Two, series director Ken Levine revealed that BioShock Infinite would be Irrational Games' last game in the BioShock series. Levine let go of most of the staff of Irrational Games in February 2017 and rebranded the division as Ghost Story Games within 2K Games to work on smaller narrative titles. The rights to BioShock remained with 2K.[44] In a 2016 interview, Levine explained that the pressure and stress of managing a large team as he had to for Infinite had impacted his health and personal relationships, and rather than stay on to build a larger game, decided to leave the BioShock franchise.[45]

Following Levine's decision, 2K Games stated that the BioShock series will continue, telling Game Informer they "look forward to exploring the next BioShock".[46] In May 2014, 2K Games stated that work on the BioShock series was continuing with 2K Marin at the helm,[47] despite the fact that in October 2013, 2K Marin had reportedly been shut down by 2K Games.[48] It was reported that work on this title had started as early as 2015 at the Austin-based third-party studio Certain Affinity. However, by 2016, 2K decided to pull the project from Certain Affinity and bring it in-house, establishing a yet-to-be-named studio, as well as rebooting the development process.[49] Previously, Kotaku had reported in 2018 that several employees from Hangar 13, another development studio within 2K Games, had joined a new studio in the San Francisco area and were working on a project known under the working title Parkside, believed by other Hangar 13 employees to be a BioShock title.[50]

2K formally announced in December 2019 that a new BioShock title was under development but was still some years from release. The game is being developed by a new internal studio, Cloud Chamber, with offices based in San Francisco (2K Marin's old offices) and a newly established location in Montreal. The studio is led by Kelley Gilmore, who had previously worked at Firaxis.[51] The lead staff include lead art director Scott Sinclair, who had worked on the first BioShock, Jonathan Pelling as design director having previously done level work for BioShock and Infinite, and Hogarth de la Plante as creative director after having worked on the other BioShock games in numerous roles.[52]

The games have been rereleased or repackaged in different configurations. BioShock: Ultimate Rapture Edition is a retail package containing BioShock and BioShock 2, along with all downloadable content for both games including Minerva's Den, and a set of stickers based on BioShock Infinite. The edition was released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in North America on January 14, 2013.[53] BioShock Infinite: The Complete Edition, released November 4, 2014, combined BioShock Infinite and its DLC, Clash in the Clouds and Burial at Sea, as well as pre-order bonuses and exclusive weapons. BioShock Infinite: The Complete Edition was released on November 4, 2014.[54]

A remastered collection of the entire series, BioShock: The Collection, was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows in September 2016. It features updated graphics and a documentary with commentary from Ken Levine and Shawn Robertson. The multiplayer component of BioShock 2 is not included in the collection.[55][56] BioShock Infinite's original PC version was ported to console for the collection, but was not remastered since it met console standards. Players that own either of the first two games on Windows were able to update to the remastered versions for free.[57] The Collection, as well as individual releases of the remastered games, were released for the Nintendo Switch on May 29, 2020.[58]

A version of BioShock for the PlayStation Vita handheld console, tentatively known as BioShock Vita,[59] was announced at the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo by Levine during Sony's press event alongside the introduction of the console.[60] Levine later described the title as still in the works, a game that would neither be similar to the first two BioShock titles nor be a version of Infinite for the Vita.[61] He stated that "I'd rather do something that's an experiment and that's a little different. And is unique for the franchise."[61] By April 2012, with Irrational working heavily to finish Infinite, the Vita game was put on hold.[62]

In interviews in December 2012, Levine revealed that little work had been done on the game, as the dealing with working with Sony was in the hands of Irrational's publisher, Take-Two Interactive, though he was still interested in the title.[63] Levine revealed in July 2014 that the deals between Sony and Take-Two had failed to materialize, and the game was unlikely to be made,[64] despite Sony being bullish on promoting the future title at its Vita reveal before any development work had been started.[65] He further clarified that his idea would have been a strategy-style game similar to Final Fantasy Tactics, with the game set prior to the fall of Rapture.[64]

The orchestral scores for BioShock, BioShock 2, and BioShock Infinite were composed by Garry Schyman. Schyman's music combines the influence of early 20th century classical music, aleatoric music, and musique concrete.[73] With the return to Rapture in BioShock 2, Schyman had the opportunity to revisit the setting, writing new music while retaining some elements and motifs from the first game, such as solo violins and mid-20th century compositional techniques.[74] While expectations were higher, Schyman noted having played the original game and using an established style made the process easier.[75] For Infinite, Schyman had to create a new soundscape evocative of the earlier era. Feeling that classical music of the time felt much more European than American, he opted to use less full orchestration and simpler string arrangements instead.[76] In addition to the score, the BioShock series uses licensed period music as diegetic sound.[77] For BioShock 2, more blues and religious music was included as it related to the sequel's themes.[78] Infinite features anachronistic covers of popular pop songs, such as Cyndi Lauper's "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" and a barbershop quartet version of the Beach Boys' "God Only Knows".[79]

Roughly a quarter of the BioShock soundtrack was released on the internet,[73] with an EP featuring remixes of the game's music included in the Limited Edition of the game.[80] BioShock's full soundtrack was released on a vinyl LP with the BioShock 2 Special Edition in 2010.[81] The scores for BioShock 2 and Infinite were included in limited editions of their respective games.

In May 2008, Take-Two announced a deal with Universal Studios to produce a BioShock film, to be directed by Gore Verbinski and written by John Logan.[82] The film was expected to be released in 2010, but was put on hold due to budget concerns.[83] Committed to the film Rango, Verbinski dropped out of directing the film, and Juan Carlos Fresnadillo was in talks to replace him, with Verbinski as producer.[84] Throughout 2010 the film was in development, but faced difficulties due to the intended R rating.[85] Verbinski later cited that by trying to maintain the R rating, they were unable to find any studios that would back the effort, putting the film's future in jeopardy.[86] After the commercial performance of Watchmen, the studio had concerns with the $200 million budget for BioShock, and Verbinski left the project. Universal subsequently brought a new director in to work with the smaller budget but with whom Levine and 2K Games did not feel was a good fit to the material. Levine made the decision to end the project, believing that the film would not work with the current set of compromises they would have had to make.[87]

In February 2022, it was announced that the film had reentered development at Netflix, who will produce the film alongside Take-Two and Vertigo Entertainment. The film is being developed as the start of a potential cinematic universe.[88] Francis Lawrence was slated to direct with Michael Green to write, as of August 2022.[89]

• Schmalfuss, Sven (2012), "Authentic Bodies: Genome(s) vs. Gender Norms in Oryx and Crake, the Year of the Flood, and BioShock", The Aesthetics of Authenticity: Medial Constructions of the Real, transcript Verlag, ISBN 978-3839417577