Musica enchiriadis

Musica enchiriadis is an anonymous musical treatise of the 9th century. It is the first surviving attempt to set up a system of rules for polyphony in western art music. The treatise was once attributed to Hucbald, but this is no longer accepted.[1] Some historians once attributed it to Odo of Cluny (879-942).[2] It has also been attributed to Abbot Hoger (d. 906).[3]

This music theory treatise, along with its companion text, Scolica enchiriadis, was widely circulated in medieval manuscripts, often in association with Boethius' De institutione musica.[4] It consists of nineteen chapters; the first nine are devoted to notation, modes, and monophonic plainchant.[4]

Chapters 10-18 deal with polyphonic music. The author here shows how consonant intervals should be used to compose or improvise the type of early-medieval polyphonic music called [4] organum, an early style of note-against-note polyphony; several examples of which are included in the treatise.[4] (Scolica enchiriadis also observes that some melodies should be sung "more quickly" (celerius), others "more slowly" (morosius).) The nineteenth chapter of Musica enchiriadis relates the legend of Orpheus.[4]

The notation used in Musica enchiriadis. The scale comprises four tetrachords. The symbols indicating the notes are rotated and mirrored depending on the tetrachords. A modern transcription of the notes is below.

The scale used in the work, which is based on a system of tetrachords, appears to have been created solely for use in the work itself, rather than taken from actual musical practice.[1] The treatise also uses a very rare system of notation, known as Daseian notation. This notation has a number of figures which are rotated ninety degrees to represent different pitches.

A critical edition of the treatises was published in 1981, and an English translation by Raymond Erickson in 1995.[4]

See also

References
  1. Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. Norton, 1978, pp.188-193.
  2. Finney, Theodore M. A History of Music. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1935, p. 61
  3. Wright, Craig and Simms, Bryan. Music in Western Civilization. Schirmer Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 52
  4. Erickson, Raymond. "Musica enchiriadis, Scholia enchiriadis". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan, 2001.
  • Anonymous (1981). Hans Schmid (ed.). Musica et scolica enchiriadis una cum aliquibus tractatulis adiunctis. Veröffentlichungen der Musikhistorischen Kommission. Vol. 3. Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften; C. H. Beck. pp. 1–59. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  • Link to colour images of the MS of the text (V-CVbav pal. lat. 1342) available via the University of Heidelberg's site.
  • Link to colour images of the MS of the text (D-Msb Clm 14372) available via the Bavarian State Library.
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