Nanking Provisional Government cabinet

The Nanking Provisional Government cabinet (Chinese: 南京臨時政府內閣; pinyin: Nánjīng línshí zhèngfǔ nèigé), also known as the Sun Yat-sen cabinet, was a temporary cabinet of the republican era of China. The first cabinet assembled following the formation of the Provisional Government on 1 January 1912, it was formed on 3 January 1912 and dissolved on 1 April the same year. It was the first and only cabinet led by Sun Yat-sen, the first provisional President of the Republic of China.

Nanking Provisional Government cabinet

1st Cabinet of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China
3 January 1912–1 April 1912
The first cabinet meeting of the Nanking Provisional Government cabinet, 21 January 1912.
Date formed3 January 1912
Date dissolved1 April 1912
People and organisations
Head of stateSun Yat-sen (1 January–1 April 1912, as provisional President)
Yuan Shikai (10 March–1 April 1912, as provisional President)
Head of governmentSun Yat-sen (1 January–1 April 1912)
Deputy head of governmentLi Yuanhong (as provisional Vice-President)
No. of ministers9 ministers and 9 deputy ministers
Total no. of members20 (including the provisional President and provisional Vice President)
Member parties
  •   Tongmenghui (12)
  •   Beiyang clique (2)
  •   Unity Party (2)
  •   National Progressive Association (1)
  •   Nonpartisans (3)
Status in legislatureTongmenghui-led provisional coalition government
History
Election(s)1911 Chinese provisional presidential election
Legislature term(s)Provisional Government of the Republic of China
PredecessorCabinet of Yuan Shikai (Qing Dynasty)
SuccessorFirst Tang Shaoyi cabinet

History

Sun Yat-sen, the first provisional President of the Republic of China, 1911.
Nanking Provisional Government cabinet
Traditional Chinese南京臨時政府內閣
Simplified Chinese南京临时政府内阁

On 1 January 1912, Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Tongmenghui, was inaugurated as the first provisional President of the newly proclaimed Republic of China following the conclusion of the Xinhai Revolution. Two days later, representatives of all provincial leaders approved a list of ministerial heads to be appointed in the first cabinet.[1] The absence of several cabinet members in Nanking (presently Nanjing) delayed the first cabinet meeting, which wasn't held until 21 January. The meeting was hosted by Sun.[2]

On 13 March, Tang Shaoyi, the first Premier of the Republic of China, began the formation of a new cabinet at Peking (presently Beijing). On 1 April, Sun Yat-sen resigned from his position as provisional President. In his resignation letter, written two days after his resignation, Sun stated, "Today (3 April 1912), Premier Tang went southbound and visited me, all ministerial positions in the cabinet were confirmed, and the news has been reported to me at Nanking on 1 April. I hereby resign today (as President)......all cabinet ministers will remain and continue their duties until all new replacements are appointed." All ministers and their respective deputies in the cabinet were subsequently relieved of their duties once the new cabinet was formally appointed.[1]

The Nanking Provisional Government was a presidential government under the leadership of a president. This system was abolished following Yuan Shikai's ascension to power whereby a parliamentary government was introduced in the form of the National Assembly led by a Premier. The changes were made to limit Yuan's presidential powers, making him a figurehead in the government.[1]

Ministries

Prior to the formation of the Provisional Government in 1912, the revolutionaries had notified provincial representatives to form local general staffs to unify the military situation during the revolutions in 1911. However, when Sun Yat-sen became provisional President, none of the provincial representatives had arrived to meet him in time, thus when the General Staffs Office was founded on 6 February 1912, Sun appointed Huang Xing as its first chief of staff.[1]

On 3 January 1912, the list of ministers of the first cabinet was approved by all provincial representatives in the new Republic.[1] On 5 January, an inauguration ceremony of all cabinet ministers was hosted by provisional President Sun Yat-sen. Each ministries were founded on different dates after the inauguration of their respective ministers. Their date of founding is listed as such:[3]

Date of founding of each ministries of the Provisional Government
Ministries upon founding Date of founding
(in ascending order)
Headquarter(s)
Ministry of the Army
陸軍部
9 January 1912 -
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
外交部
11 January 1912 Presidential Palace, Nanking
(11 January2 March 1912)
Drum Tower of Nanjing, Nanking
(2 March 1912 onwards)
Ministry of Justice
司法部
12 January 1912 -
Presidential Office
總統府
14 January 1912 Commission House, Presidential Palace, Nanking.
Bureau of Legislative Affairs
法制局
15 January 1912 -
Ministry of Finance
財政部
17 January 1912 -
Ministry of Internal Affairs
内政部
17 January 1912 Jiangnan Municipal Office, Nanking.
Ministry of the Navy
海軍部
17 January 1912 Jiangnan Navy Academy, Nanking.
Ministry of Education
教育部
19 January 1912 -
Ministry of Trade
实业部
23 January 1912 -
Ministry of Transportation
交通部
23 January 1912 -
General staffs office
參謀本部
6 February 1912 -

Composition

Overview

Full ministers

Key of political parties or affiliations:
  Tongmenghui (4)
  Unity Party (2)
  National Progressive Association (1)
  Nonpartisans (3)

Portfolio Portrait Title
Office Bearer
(Lifespan)
Took office Left office Party Notes
Minister of the
Presidential Office

總統府總長
Sun Yat-sen
孫文
(1886–1925)
1 January
1912
1 April
1912
Tongmenghui Also assumed position of Provisional President. Resigned in favor of Yuan Shikai.
Minister of the Army
陸軍部總長
General
Huang Xing
黃興
(1874–1916)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui Also appointed as the Chief of Staffs on 6 February 1912.
Minister of the Navy
海軍部總長
General
Huang Zhong-ying
黃鍾瑛
(1869–1912)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Nonpartisan -
Minister of Finance
財政部總長
Chen Jintao
陳錦濤
(1871–1939)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
National Progressive -
Minister of Internal Affairs
內務部總長
General
Cheng De-quan
程德全
(1860–1930)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Unity Duties transferred to Deputy Minister Ju Zheng after declared sick on 1 February 1912.
Minister of Foreign Affairs
外交部總長
Wang Ch'ung-hui
王寵惠
(1881–1958)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -
Minister of Justice
司法部總長
Wu Tingfang
伍廷芳
(1842–1922)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Nonpartisan -
Minister of Education
教育部總長
Cai Yuanpei
蔡元培
(1868–1940)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -
Minister of Transportation
交通部總長
Tang Shoutao
湯壽潛
(1856–1917)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Unity Never assumed office.
Minister of Trade
實業部總長
Zhang Jian
張謇
(1853–1926)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Nonpartisan Never assumed office.

Deputy ministers

Key of political parties or affiliations:
  Tongmenghui (8)
  Beiyang clique (2)

Portfolio Portrait Title
Office Bearer
(Lifespan)
Took office Left office Party Notes
Deputy Minister of the Presidential Office
總統府次長
Generalissimo
Li Yuanhong
黎元洪
(1864–1928)
1 January
1912
1 April
1912
Beiyang clique Also assumed position of Deputy Provisional President until 6 June 1916.
Deputy Minister of the Army
陸軍部次長
General
Chiang Tso-pin
蔣作賓
(1884–1942)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -
Deputy Minister of the Navy
海軍部次長
Admiral
Tang Xiangming
湯薌銘
(1885–1975)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Beiyang clique -
Deputy Minister of Finance
財政部次長
Wang Hongyou
王鴻猷
(1878–1916)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -
Deputy Minister of
Internal Affairs

內務部次長
Ju Zheng
居正
(1876–1951)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui Assumed full ministerial duties after Minister Cheng De-quan was declared sick on 1 February 1912.
Deputy Minister of
Foreign Affairs

外交部次長
Wei Chenzu
魏宸組
(1885–1942)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -
Deputy Minister of Justice
司法部次長
Lü Zhiyi
呂志伊
(1881–1940)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -
Deputy Minister of Education
教育部次長
Jing Yaoyue
景燿月
(1881–1944)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -
Deputy Minister of Transportation
交通部次長
Yu Youren
于右任
(1879–1964)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -
Deputy Minister of Trade
實業部次長
Ma Junwu
馬君武
(1881–1940)
3 January
1912
29 March
1912
Tongmenghui -

See also

References

Citations

  1. 刘寿林等编,民国职官年表,北京:中华书局,1995年
  2. "孙中山主持第一次内阁会议,中山文史(第35辑) ,2006年3月22日". 22 March 2006. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  3. 王耿雄,孙中山史事详录:1911-1913,天津:天津人民出版社,1986年,第130页

Bibliography

Academic books and journals
  • 謝彬 (1924年). 民國政黨史. 上海學術研究會叢書部. ISBN 978-7-101-05531-3.
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