National Astronomical Observatory (Chile)

The National Astronomical Observatory of Chile (Spanish: Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de Chile - OAN) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Department of Astronomy of the University of Chile (UCh). It is located on Cerro Calán, a hill in the commune of Las Condes. The commune is an eastern suburb of Santiago located in Santiago Province of the Santiago Metropolitan Region. OAN was founded in 1852 and became a part of UCh in 1927.[1] The facility on Cerro Calán was completed in 1962.

National Astronomical Observatory
Cerro Calán
Alternative namesCerro Calán Observatory
OrganizationUniversity of Chile
Observatory code805, 806, 813, 815
LocationLas Condes, Chile
Coordinates33.3961°S 70.5367°W / -33.3961; -70.5367
Altitude853 metres (2,799 ft)
Established1852 (1852)
WebsiteObservatorio Astronómico Nacional
Telescopes
MINI1.2 radio telescope
unnamed telescope0.45 m reflector
National Astronomical Observatory (Chile) is located in Chile
National Astronomical Observatory (Chile)
Location of National Astronomical Observatory
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History
Santa Lucia Hill c. 1850

OAN can be traced back to the Gillis Expedition, a project of the United States Naval Observatory. Led by James Melville Gilliss, it arrived in Chile in 1849 to observe Mars and Venus from the southern hemisphere so as to improve solar parallax.[2][3] Gilliss and his party set up their equipment on Santa Lucia Hill, a small rise in downtown Santiago.[4] After completing the project in 1852, Gilliss sold the equipment and the buildings that housed it to the government of Chile, which formed OAN at that time.[3]

After two years of operating on Santa Lucia Hill, the director of the new observatory, Carlos Guillermo Moesta, noticed that daytime heating of the dark rock of the hill caused the entire landform to move slightly.[5] As a result of this discovery Moesta decided it would be best to move the observatory elsewhere. A new facility was built in what is now Quinta Normal starting in 1857, and OAN officially moved to the new location in 1862. However, it proved to be one of the foggiest locations in the area.[3] The building is now home to the Aeronautical Technical School of the Civil Aviation Authority of Chile.

In 1908 President Pedro Montt appointed Friedrich Wilhelm Ristenpart of Germany director of OAN.[6] Ristenpart organized another move of the observatory, this time to what is now the suburb of Lo Espejo, south of Santiago.[7] Ristenpart died in 1913, and the subsequent director, Alberto Obrecht, completed the move in 1916.[8] The buildings in Lo Espejo have been torn down.

Federico Rutllant became director in 1950, and in 1956 the observatory began a new campus on Cerro Calán under his direction.[9] The transfer was completed in 1962. Rutllant played an important part in bringing foreigners in to build the big observatories in the Atacama Desert in the 1960s.[9] The extensive site research for what would soon become Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and La Silla Observatory was conducted while he was director. The Soviet Union also sent astronomers and provided several telescopes to OAN beginning in 1962, but it withdrew after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état.[7]

Telescopes
  • The 1.2 m (47 in) Millimeter-wave Telescope (MINI) is a Cassegrain reflector with a primary mirror made of machined aluminum.[10] It was installed at CTIO in 1982, and an identical telescope is located at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. It was used for surveys of molecular clouds while at CTIO. In 2005 it was moved to the Chilean National Astronomical Observatory's facilities on Cerro Calán near Santiago, where it was installed in a newly constructed dome in 2011.[11]
  • A 0.45 m (18 in) Cassegrain reflector made by Goto was purchased with a grant given to OAN by the Japanese government in 2002.[12] It is housed in a building with a roll-off roof built when the campus was founded. It is used for instruction and outreach.
  • A 28 cm (11 in) refractor built by Gustav Heyde (Dresden, Germany), originally installed at Lo Espejo in 1913.[12] It was moved to Cerro Calán, where it is now used for outreach.
  • A 28 cm (11 in) refractor built by Gautier was installed in 1894 at Quinta Normal.[8] It is a Carte du Ciel-type astrograph. It was moved to Lo Espejo and then Cerro Calán, where it is now used for outreach.
  • A Danjon astrolabe with a 10 cm (3.9 in) aperture was installed on Cerro Calán in 1965 for a joint project of UCh and the European Southern Observatory.[13] It was modified to allow solar observations in 1989.[14]

Former telescopes
  • A 18 cm (7.1 in) transit telescope built at Pulkovo Observatory was installed in 1963.[15] It was housed in a metal building which was also made at Pulkovo and shipped to Chile in parts.[16]
  • A 60 cm (24 in) refractor built by Grubb was ordered in 1909. The dome was in place by 1913, but the final parts for the telescope did not arrive until 1933.[17] It was finally finished, but did not work satisfactorily so was seldom used. The dome was moved to Cerro Calán but the telescope was never installed at the new facility.[18]
  • A 9 cm (3.5 in) Bamberg transit telescope was purchased in 1910.[8]
  • A 19 cm (7.5 in) meridian circle built by Repsold was first installed at Lo Espejo in 1912.[6] It was moved to Cerro Calán and was used as recently as the 1990s.
  • A 18 cm (7.1 in) meridian circle built by Eichens was acquired between 1865 and 1889.[8]
  • A 24 cm (9.4 in) meridian circle built by Repsold was acquired around 1873 but not put into use until 1883.[19]
  • A 16 cm (6.3 in) refractor built by Henry Fitz was sold by Gillis to OAN in 1852.[3]
  • An 11 cm (4.3 in) meridian circle by built Pistor and Martins was sold by Gillis to OAN in 1852.[3]

Cerro El Roble Station
Further information: List of asteroid-discovering observatories § Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station

Cerro El Roble Station (Spanish: Estación Astronómica de Cerro El Roble, also known as Cerro El Roble Observatory; obs. code: 805), is a site of Chile's National Astronomical Observatory located on Cerro El Roble, a mountain on the border between Santiago Metropolitan Region and Valparaíso Region. The observatory building sits at an elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) and is approximately 63 kilometres (39 mi) northwest of Santiago. It was built by the University of Chile in 1967 to house a 70 cm (28 in) Maksutov telescope provided by the Soviet Union, which began operating in 1968.[7]

Maipú Radio Observatory

Maipú Radio Observatory (Spanish: Radio Observatorio de Maipú - ROM, or Observatorio Radioastronomico de Maipú) was a remote site of OAN located in the commune of Maipú southwest of Santiago. One long-wavelength telescope was built by OAN and the University of Florida, and another by OAN and the Carnegie Institution.[9] Observing began at the site in 1959, and it was closed in 2000.[20]

See also

References
  1. "Historia del Observatorio Astronómico Nacional". Observatorio Astronómico Nacional. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  2. Gilliss, J. M. (1856). "The United States Naval-Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere 1849-52". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 16: 133–137. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..16..133G. doi:10.1093/mnras/16.5.133a.
  3. Keenan, P. C. (1991). "The Earliest National Observatories in Latin-America". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 22: 21–30. Bibcode:1991JHA....22...21K. doi:10.1177/002182869102200104. S2CID 117712616.
  4. "La Expedición Gilliss de la Marina de los Estados Unidos (1843 - 1852)" (PDF). Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  5. Moesta, Don Carlos (1854). "Observations of a Phenomenon observed with regard to the Hill of Santa Lucia, Santiago de Chile". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 15: 61–64. Bibcode:1854MNRAS..15...61M. doi:10.1093/mnras/15.2.61.
  6. "La Administración de Obrecht y Ristenpart" (PDF). Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  7. Duerbeck, H. W. (2003). "National and international astronomical activities in Chile 1849--2002". Interplay of Periodic. 292: 3. Bibcode:2003ASPC..292....3D.
  8. Sancho, José Maza (2006-11-16). "2.20. Historia de la Astronomía en Chile" (PDF). Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  9. Rutllant, F. (1960). "The Observatory in Santiago". Astronomical Journal. 65: 193. Bibcode:1960AJ.....65..193R. doi:10.1086/108218.
  10. "The 1.2 m Telescopes". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophyics Millimeter-wave Group. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  11. "Millimeter-wave Laboratory". Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  12. "DAS @ UChile - About us". Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile. Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  13. Noël, F.; Czuia, K.; Guerra, P. (1974). "First astrolabe catalogue of Santiago". Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 18: 135. Bibcode:1974A&AS...18..135N.
  14. Noël, F. (2004). "Solar cycle dependence of the apparent radius of the Sun". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 413 (2): 725–732. Bibcode:2004A&A...413..725N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031573.
  15. Naumov, V. A.; Naumova, A. A.; Seebach, N.; Torres, C.; Zverev, M. S. (1967). "Preliminary Results of Observations with the Pulkovo Photographic Vertical Circle". Soviet Astronomy. 11: 148. Bibcode:1967SvA....11..148N.
  16. Belyaev, Yu. A.; Vasil'Ev, V. M.; Peralta, R.; Plyugina, A. I.; Streletskii, Yu. S.; Tavastsherna, K. N.; Tapija, R. (1970). "Installation of a Transit Instrument of the Large Pulkovo Type in Chile for Absolute Determinations of Stellar Right Ascensions". Soviet Astronomy. 13: 722. Bibcode:1970SvA....13..722B.
  17. "La Transformación en un Observatorio Moderno (1923 – 1965)" (PDF). Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  18. "Telescopes and other instruments by Thomas and Howard Grubb". Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  19. "El Observatorio Astronómico Nacional durante Moesta y Vergara" (PDF). Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  20. Alvarez, Héctor (2001). "Radio observatory at Maipú completes mission, closes doors". Physics Today. 54 (7): 14–15. Bibcode:2001PhT....54g..14A. doi:10.1063/1.1397384.
  • Department of Astronomy at the University of Chile (in Spanish)
  • for more information on the history: Astronomical Scrapbook: "A South American Tragedy"; Joseph Ashbrook (Sky & Telescope, 1957 Aug, pgs 477–78)
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