Natural frequency

Natural frequency, also known as eigenfrequency, is the frequency at which a system tends to oscillate in the absence of any driving force.

The motion pattern of a system oscillating at its natural frequency is called the normal mode (if all parts of the system move sinusoidally with that same frequency).

If the oscillating system is driven by an external force at the frequency at which the amplitude of its motion is greatest (close to a natural frequency of the system), this frequency is called resonant frequency.

Overview

Free vibrations of an elastic body, also called natural vibrations, occur at the natural frequency. Natural vibrations are different from forced vibrations which happen at the frequency of an applied force (forced frequency). If the forced frequency is equal to the natural frequency, the vibrations' amplitude increases manyfold. This phenomenon is known as resonance.[1]

In analysis of systems, it is convenient to use the angular frequency ω = 2πf rather than the frequency f, or the complex frequency domain parameter s = σ + ωi.

In a mass–spring system, with mass m and spring stiffness k, the natural angular frequency can be calculated as:

In an electrical network, ω is a natural angular frequency of a response function f(t) if the Laplace transform F(s) of f(t) includes the term Ke−st, where s = σ + ωi for a real σ, and K ≠ 0 is a constant.[2] Natural frequencies depend on network topology and element values but not their input.[3] It can be shown that the set of natural frequencies in a network can be obtained by calculating the poles of all impedance and admittance functions of the network.[4] A pole of the network transfer function is associated with a natural angular frequencies of the corresponding response variable; however there may exist some natural angular frequency that does not correspond to a pole of the network function. These happen at some special initial states.[5]

In LC and RLC circuits, its natural angular frequency can be calculated as:[6]

See also

Footnotes
  1. Bhatt, p. 122.
  2. Desoer 1969, pp. 583–584, 600.
  3. Desoer 1969, p. 633.
  4. Desoer 1969, p. 635.
  5. Desoer 1969, p. 643.
  6. Basic Physics 2009, p. 366.

References
  • Bhatt, P. Maximum Marks Maximum Knowledge in Physics. Allied Publishers. ISBN 9788184244441. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  • College Physics. 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  • Basic Physics. Prentice-Hall Of India Pvt. Limited. 2009. ISBN 9788120337084. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  • Desoer, Charles (1969). Basic circuit theory. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070165750.


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