Ndawa
Ndawa or Dawa (c. 1850 – 1888) was an important war chief in the Mendeland region, in present-day Sierra Leone, in the 19th century. Ndawa was born into slavery and was traded multiple times until the chief of Tikonko, Makavorary, began training Ndawa as a warrior. Ndawa gradually became a powerful war chief who derived his authority largely from his ability to plunder. He was most successful when he became aligned with the war chief Kai Londo. When Kai Londo and Ndawa disagreed about the division of plunder from their wars, it started the Kpove War which involved Ndawa attacking multiple communities in the region for much of the 1880s. In 1887, Ndawa and Makavorary attacked many British allies and the British organised a force to attack Ndawa. In a battle in 1888, Ndawa was killed after his Achilles tendon was cut.
Ndawa | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1850 Manjoro, British Sierra Leone |
| Died | 1888 (aged 37–38) Near Dama, British Sierra Leone |
| Cause of death | Died in battle |
| Known for | War chief in 19th century Sierra Leone |
Early life
Ndawa was born into slavery in the town of Manjoro (in present day Kailahun District, Sierra Leone) around 1850. He was trained partially in warfare early in life but was sold from his original master to another master, Sellu Tifa, after he was accused of having an affair with the wife of another man.[1] He was sold again to the chief of Tikonko, Makavorary, who trained Ndawa as a warrior.[1]
War chief
Ndawa gradually became a war chief, a chief who relied not on kinship or Poro (a social bond that granted authority in Mende culture) but instead on goods and slaves which could be captured in warfare.[2] War chiefs would control some villages and towns but these would operate largely as a base of operations rather than an area they controlled because of their kinship connections. Although he operated as an independent military power that would support itself through mercenary activity or plunder, the connection between Makavorary and Ndawa remained strong. War chiefs would generally align their military with different traditional chiefs depending upon the profit (either through plunder or payment) that was available.[2]
Ndawa became an important war chief with 13 towns under his control and his headquarters in the town of Wende,[3] largely through an alliance with Kai Londo (sometimes Kailundu), another war chief.[4] Kai Londo and Ndawa joined forces in 1875 to defend the land of Makavorary from attacks by another chief named Benya from the town of Blama.[3] They defeated Benya and took over a number of villages with one another, becoming quite famous in the process.[3]
Kpove War
After their conquest, Ndawa and Kai Londo got into a dispute over the division of goods and slaves seized in their successful raids. Ndawa was insulted when Kai Londo accused him of cheating him and threatened to attack Kai Londo's base of Luawa.[3] This dispute began the famous Kpove war which would last throughout most of the 1880s until Ndawa's death.[4] The war got its name because in preparation for the battle between Ndawa and Kai Londo, Ndawa dug a large hole and filled it with dung and threatened to throw anyone who left the battle into the hole.[4] The war thus acquired the name Kpove War meaning Dung Pot (kpovengue) War.[4]
In the first battle between the two, Kai Londo scaled the walls of Ndawa's compound in the early morning and caught Ndawa unprepared. Ndawa and Kai Londo engaged in lengthy hand-to-hand combat with each other in which both became injured. However, Kai Londo was able to win the fight and Ndawa agreed to retreat.[4] A second battle quickly followed in which Ndawa's army was pushed to the other side of the Moa River and Kai Londo became the dominant force on his side of the river.[4][3]
The Kpove war continued with Ndawa fighting multiple times for the rest of the 1880s. The British tried many times to restrain Ndawa and arranged for Makavorary to prevent Ndawa from attacking sites important to them on many occasions, namely Bandasuma.[3] In 1887, Makavoray and Ndawa joined forces in a general campaign against British interests. The regional warfare by Ndawa and Makavorary peaked in 1887 when they sacked the British base of Sulima, Sierra Leone and attacked a number of other communities.[3] Later on 11 April 1887, Ndawa succeeded in sacking Bandasuma and taking Nyarroh, an important British allied chief, hostage.[5]
These attacks resulted in the British mounting an active offensive against him in 1888.[3] The operation included an organised force of British officers and chieftains in the region to fight against Ndawa.[6] In a battle near Dama in 1888, an anonymous soldier cut Ndawa's Achilles tendon and, according to oral tradition, he called over Jami Lenga, considered a great warrior, to finish him off so that he would not die from an unknown hand.[3]
References
Notes
- Fyle 2006, p. 142.
- Wylie 1969, p. 298.
- Fyle 2006, p. 143.
- Wylie 1969, p. 301.
- Day 2007, p. 429.
- Jones 1985, p. 158.
Bibliography
- Day, Lynda R. (2007). "Nyarroh of Bandasuma, 1885–1914: A Reinterpretation of Female Chieftaincy in Sierra Leone". The Journal of African History. 48 (3): 415–437. doi:10.1017/S0021853707003258. S2CID 145511995. (subscription required)
- Fyle, C. Magbaily (2006). Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone. Oxford: Scarecrow Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-8108-5339-3. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- Jones, Adam (1985). "Some Reflections on the Oral Traditions of the Galinhas Country, Sierra Leone". History in Africa. 12: 151–165. doi:10.2307/3171718. JSTOR 3171718. S2CID 161745128.(subscription required)
- Wylie, Kenneth C. (1969). "Innovation and Change in Mende Chieftaincy 1880–1896". The Journal of African History. 10 (2): 295–308. doi:10.1017/s0021853700009531. JSTOR 179516.(subscription required)
