Monterozzi necropolis

The Monterozzi necropolis (Italian: Necropoli dei Monterozzi) is an Etruscan necropolis on a hill east of Tarquinia in Lazio, Italy. The necropolis has about 6,000 graves, the oldest of which dates to the 7th century BC. About 200 of the tomb chambers are decorated with frescos.[1]

Monterozzi necropolis
Necropoli dei Monterozzi
Monterozzi necropolis is located in Italy
Monterozzi necropolis
Shown within Italy
LocationTarquinia, Lazio, Italy
RegionEtruria
Coordinates42°15′02″N 11°46′12″E
TypeNecropolis
History
Founded7th century BC
Site notes
ManagementSoprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Etruria Meridionale
WebsiteMuseum and Necropolis of Tarquinia and Cerveteri
Official nameEtruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia
TypeCultural
Criteriai, iii, iv
Designated2004 (28th session)
Reference no.1158
RegionEurope and North America

The painted tombs of the necropolis are the largest documentation of Etruscan pictorial art, and they are singular testaments to Etruscans' quotidian life, ceremonies, and mythology.[2] Some of the tombs are monumental, cut in rock and topped by tumuli, accessible by means of inclined corridors or stairways. Many different subjects are shown in the frescos, including rituals, animals, magical themes, dance and musical instruments. The best known tombs are the Tomb of the Leopards, of Hunting and Fishing, of the Augurs, of the Triclinium, the Blue Demons and of the Bulls.

Many of the artifacts found in the necropolis and some of the frescos have been brought to the neighboring Tarquinia National Museum in order to preserve them.[3] The paintings and wall decorations of the Tomb of the Baron, discovered in 1827, were also reproduced on the walls of the so-called Etruscan Cabinet in the Castle of Racconigi.

Along with the Banditaccia Necropolis, Monterozzi was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, notable as "the depiction of daily life in the frescoed tombs, many of which are replicas of Etruscan houses, is a unique testimony to this vanished culture".[4]

Description

Buildings now replace the surface mounds (tumuli) to protect the subterranean tombs. Foreground: early Villanovan tombs
Painted Etruscan Sarcophagus from a tomb

The burial ground dates from the Iron Age, or Villanovan period (9th century BC), up to Roman times. From the Villanovan period simple round tombs carved from rock for cremation burials can be seen at the site.

Towards the end of the 8th century BC, the first funerary chambers appeared as family tombs due to the rise to power of an aristocracy. These appeared on the surface as tumuli, sometimes assuming impressive proportions to enhance the power and prestige of the nobles, as can be seen especially in the so-called King and Queen tombs. There were about 600 tumuli still visible in the 19th century, following which many were razed after excavation.

The tumuli usually covered subterranean chambers carved into the rock, containing sarcophagi and personal possessions of the deceased, and many of which have wall paintings.

The earliest sarcophagi are carved with the image of the deceased supine on the lid. The later and more numerous types show him or her reclining on the left side, facing the spectator and frequently holding a libation vessel; occasionally a man displays an inscribed scroll listing his ancestry and the magisterial offices he occupied. During the second half of the 4th century BC sculpted and painted sarcophagi of nenfro, marble and alabaster came into use. They were deposited on rock-carved benches or against the walls in the now very large underground chambers.[5]

Sarcophagi were also decorated with reliefs of symbolic or mythological content, often derived from Tarentine models. Sarcophagi of this type, which continue until the second century, are found in such numbers at Tarquinia that they must have been manufactured locally. The walls of the tomb-chambers of the late period are painted with underworld demons escorting the dead on their journey to the beyond, scenes in the nether world, processions of magistrates and other symbols of the rank of the eminent members of the families buried there.[5]

Among the most notable painted tombs famous for the artistic quality of their frescoes are:

See also

References

  1. "Monterozzi, Etruscan Necropolis". Etruscanplaces.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  2. "The Necropolises of Tarquinia and Cerveteri". 23 March 2015.
  3. "Palazzo Vitelleschi". Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Etruria Meridionale. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  4. "Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia".
  5. "Agriturismo le Querce Bomarzo -Ristorante - PISCINA APRE 15 GIUGNO".
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