Neo-Hookean solid

For a compressible Ogden neo-Hookean material the Cauchy stress is given by

${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=J^{-1}{\boldsymbol {P}}{\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}=J^{-1}{\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}{\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}=J^{-1}\left(2C_{1}({\boldsymbol {F}}-{\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T})+2D_{1}(J-1)J{\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}\right){\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}}$

where ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {P}}}$ is the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress. By simplifying the right hand side we arrive at

${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=2C_{1}J^{-1}\left({\boldsymbol {F}}{\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}-{\boldsymbol {I}}\right)+2D_{1}(J-1){\boldsymbol {I}}=2C_{1}J^{-1}\left({\boldsymbol {B}}-{\boldsymbol {I}}\right)+2D_{1}(J-1){\boldsymbol {I}}}$

which for infinitesimal strains is equal to

${\displaystyle \approx 4C_{1}{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}+2D_{1}\operatorname {tr} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}){\boldsymbol {I}}}$

Comparison with Hooke's law shows that ${\displaystyle C_{1}={\tfrac {\mu }{2}}}$ and ${\displaystyle D_{1}={\tfrac {\lambda _{L}}{2}}}$.

For a compressible Rivlin neo-Hookean material the Cauchy stress is given by

${\displaystyle J~{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p~{\boldsymbol {I}}+2C_{1}\operatorname {dev} ({\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}})=-p~{\boldsymbol {I}}+{\frac {2C_{1}}{J^{2/3}}}\operatorname {dev} ({\boldsymbol {B}})}$

where ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}}$ is the left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor, and

${\displaystyle p:=-2D_{1}~J(J-1)~;~\operatorname {dev} ({\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}})={\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}{\bar {I}}_{1}{\boldsymbol {I}}~;~~{\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}}=J^{-2/3}{\boldsymbol {B}}~.}$

For infinitesimal strains (${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}}$)

${\displaystyle J\approx 1+\operatorname {tr} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})~;~~{\boldsymbol {B}}\approx {\boldsymbol {I}}+2{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}}$

and the Cauchy stress can be expressed as

${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\approx 4C_{1}\left({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\operatorname {tr} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}){\boldsymbol {I}}\right)+2D_{1}\operatorname {tr} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}){\boldsymbol {I}}}$

Comparison with Hooke's law shows that ${\displaystyle \mu =2C_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle \kappa =2D_{1}}$.

Proof:

The Cauchy stress in a compressible hyperelastic material is given by ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\cfrac {2}{J}}\left[{\cfrac {1}{J^{2/3}}}\left({\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{1}}}+{\bar {I}}_{1}~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{2}}}\right){\boldsymbol {B}}-{\cfrac {1}{J^{4/3}}}~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{2}}}~{\boldsymbol {B}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {B}}\right]+\left[{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial J}}-{\cfrac {2}{3J}}\left({\bar {I}}_{1}~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{1}}}+2~{\bar {I}}_{2}~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{2}}}\right)\right]~{\boldsymbol {I}}}$ For a compressible Rivlin neo-Hookean material, ${\displaystyle {\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{1}}}=C_{1}~;~~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{2}}}=0~;~~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial J}}=2D_{1}(J-1)}$ while, for a compressible Ogden neo-Hookean material, ${\displaystyle {\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{1}}}=C_{1}~;~~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial {\bar {I}}_{2}}}=0~;~~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial J}}=2D_{1}(J-1)-{\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J}}}$ Therefore, the Cauchy stress in a compressible Rivlin neo-Hookean material is given by ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\cfrac {2}{J}}\left[{\cfrac {1}{J^{2/3}}}~C_{1}~{\boldsymbol {B}}\right]+\left[2D_{1}(J-1)-{\cfrac {2}{3J}}~C_{1}{\bar {I}}_{1}\right]{\boldsymbol {I}}}$ while that for the corresponding Ogden material is ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\cfrac {2}{J}}\left[{\cfrac {1}{J^{2/3}}}~C_{1}~{\boldsymbol {B}}\right]+\left[2D_{1}(J-1)-{\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J}}-{\cfrac {2}{3J}}~C_{1}{\bar {I}}_{1}\right]{\boldsymbol {I}}}$ If the isochoric part of the left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor is defined as ${\displaystyle {\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}}=J^{-2/3}{\boldsymbol {B}}}$, then we can write the Rivlin neo-Heooken stress as ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J}}\left[{\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}{\bar {I}}_{1}{\boldsymbol {I}}\right]+2D_{1}(J-1){\boldsymbol {I}}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J}}\operatorname {dev} ({\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}})+2D_{1}(J-1){\boldsymbol {I}}}$ and the Ogden neo-Hookean stress as ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J}}\left[{\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}{\bar {I}}_{1}{\boldsymbol {I}}-{\boldsymbol {I}}\right]+2D_{1}(J-1){\boldsymbol {I}}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J}}\left[\operatorname {dev} ({\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}})-{\boldsymbol {I}}\right]+2D_{1}(J-1){\boldsymbol {I}}}$ The quantities ${\displaystyle p:=-2D_{1}~J(J-1)~;~~p^{*}=-2D_{1}~J(J-1)+2C_{1}}$ have the form of pressures and are usually treated as such. The Rivlin neo-Hookean stress can then be expressed in the form ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}=J~{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p{\boldsymbol {I}}+2C_{1}\operatorname {dev} ({\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}})}$ while the Ogden neo-Hookean stress has the form ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}=-p^{*}{\boldsymbol {I}}+2C_{1}\operatorname {dev} ({\bar {\boldsymbol {B}}})}$

For an incompressible neo-Hookean material with ${\displaystyle J=1}$

${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p~{\boldsymbol {I}}+2C_{1}{\boldsymbol {B}}}$

where ${\displaystyle p}$ is an undetermined pressure.

For a compressible neo-Hookean hyperelastic material, the principal components of the Cauchy stress are given by

${\displaystyle \sigma _{i}=2C_{1}J^{-5/3}\left[\lambda _{i}^{2}-{\cfrac {I_{1}}{3}}\right]+2D_{1}(J-1)~;~~i=1,2,3}$

Therefore, the differences between the principal stresses are

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}-\sigma _{33}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J^{5/3}}}(\lambda _{1}^{2}-\lambda _{3}^{2})~;~~\sigma _{22}-\sigma _{33}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J^{5/3}}}(\lambda _{2}^{2}-\lambda _{3}^{2})}$

Proof:

For a compressible hyperelastic material, the principal components of the Cauchy stress are given by ${\displaystyle \sigma _{i}={\cfrac {\lambda _{i}}{\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}}}~{\frac {\partial W}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}~;~~i=1,2,3}$ The strain energy density function for a compressible neo Hookean material is ${\displaystyle W=C_{1}({\bar {I}}_{1}-3)+D_{1}(J-1)^{2}=C_{1}\left[J^{-2/3}(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2})-3\right]+D_{1}(J-1)^{2}}$ Therefore, ${\displaystyle \lambda _{i}{\frac {\partial W}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}=C_{1}\left[-{\frac {2}{3}}J^{-5/3}\lambda _{i}{\frac {\partial J}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2})+2J^{-2/3}\lambda _{i}^{2}\right]+2D_{1}(J-1)\lambda _{i}{\frac {\partial J}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}}$ Since ${\displaystyle J=\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}}$ we have ${\displaystyle \lambda _{i}{\frac {\partial J}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}=\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}=J}$ Hence, ${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lambda _{i}{\frac {\partial W}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}&=C_{1}\left[-{\frac {2}{3}}J^{-2/3}(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2})+2J^{-2/3}\lambda _{i}^{2}\right]+2D_{1}J(J-1)\\&=2C_{1}J^{-2/3}\left[-{\frac {1}{3}}(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2})+\lambda _{i}^{2}\right]+2D_{1}J(J-1)\end{aligned}}}$ The principal Cauchy stresses are therefore given by ${\displaystyle \sigma _{i}=2C_{1}J^{-5/3}\left[\lambda _{i}^{2}-{\cfrac {I_{1}}{3}}\right]+2D_{1}(J-1)}$

In terms of the principal stretches, the Cauchy stress differences for an incompressible hyperelastic material are given by

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}-\sigma _{33}=\lambda _{1}~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial \lambda _{1}}}-\lambda _{3}~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial \lambda _{3}}}~;~~\sigma _{22}-\sigma _{33}=\lambda _{2}~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial \lambda _{2}}}-\lambda _{3}~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial \lambda _{3}}}}$

For an incompressible neo-Hookean material,

${\displaystyle W=C_{1}(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}-3)~;~~\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}=1}$

Therefore,

${\displaystyle {\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial \lambda _{1}}}=2C_{1}\lambda _{1}~;~~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial \lambda _{2}}}=2C_{1}\lambda _{2}~;~~{\cfrac {\partial {W}}{\partial \lambda _{3}}}=2C_{1}\lambda _{3}}$

which gives

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}-\sigma _{33}=2(\lambda _{1}^{2}-\lambda _{3}^{2})C_{1}~;~~\sigma _{22}-\sigma _{33}=2(\lambda _{2}^{2}-\lambda _{3}^{2})C_{1}}$

The true stress as a function of uniaxial stretch predicted by a compressible neo-Hookean material for various values of ${\displaystyle C_{1},D_{1}}$. The material properties are representative of natural rubber.

For a compressible material undergoing uniaxial extension, the principal stretches are

${\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=\lambda ~;~~\lambda _{2}=\lambda _{3}={\sqrt {\tfrac {J}{\lambda }}}~;~~I_{1}=\lambda ^{2}+{\tfrac {2J}{\lambda }}}$

Hence, the true (Cauchy) stresses for a compressible neo-Hookean material are given by

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{11}&={\cfrac {4C_{1}}{3J^{5/3}}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\tfrac {J}{\lambda }}\right)+2D_{1}(J-1)\\\sigma _{22}&=\sigma _{33}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{3J^{5/3}}}\left({\tfrac {J}{\lambda }}-\lambda ^{2}\right)+2D_{1}(J-1)\end{aligned}}}$

The stress differences are given by

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}-\sigma _{33}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J^{5/3}}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\tfrac {J}{\lambda }}\right)~;~~\sigma _{22}-\sigma _{33}=0}$

If the material is unconstrained we have ${\displaystyle \sigma _{22}=\sigma _{33}=0}$. Then

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J^{5/3}}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\tfrac {J}{\lambda }}\right)}$

Equating the two expressions for ${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}}$ gives a relation for ${\displaystyle J}$ as a function of ${\displaystyle \lambda }$, i.e.,

${\displaystyle {\cfrac {4C_{1}}{3J^{5/3}}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\tfrac {J}{\lambda }}\right)+2D_{1}(J-1)={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J^{5/3}}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\tfrac {J}{\lambda }}\right)}$

or

${\displaystyle D_{1}J^{8/3}-D_{1}J^{5/3}+{\tfrac {C_{1}}{3\lambda }}J-{\tfrac {C_{1}\lambda ^{2}}{3}}=0}$

The above equation can be solved numerically using a Newton–Raphson iterative root-finding procedure.

Comparison of experimental results (dots) and predictions for Hooke's law(1), neo-Hookean solid(2) and Mooney-Rivlin solid models(3)

Under uniaxial extension, ${\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=\lambda \,}$ and ${\displaystyle \lambda _{2}=\lambda _{3}=1/{\sqrt {\lambda }}}$. Therefore,

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}-\sigma _{33}=2C_{1}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\cfrac {1}{\lambda }}\right)~;~~\sigma _{22}-\sigma _{33}=0}$

Assuming no traction on the sides, ${\displaystyle \sigma _{22}=\sigma _{33}=0}$, so we can write

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}=2C_{1}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\cfrac {1}{\lambda }}\right)=2C_{1}\left({\frac {3\varepsilon _{11}+3\varepsilon _{11}^{2}+\varepsilon _{11}^{3}}{1+\varepsilon _{11}}}\right)}$

where ${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{11}=\lambda -1}$ is the engineering strain. This equation is often written in alternative notation as

${\displaystyle T_{11}=2C_{1}\left(\alpha ^{2}-{\cfrac {1}{\alpha }}\right)}$

The equation above is for the true stress (ratio of the elongation force to deformed cross-section). For the engineering stress the equation is:

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}^{\mathrm {eng} }=2C_{1}\left(\lambda -{\cfrac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}\right)}$

For small deformations ${\displaystyle \varepsilon \ll 1}$ we will have:

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}=6C_{1}\varepsilon =3\mu \varepsilon }$

Thus, the equivalent Young's modulus of a neo-Hookean solid in uniaxial extension is ${\displaystyle 3\mu }$, which is in concordance with linear elasticity (${\displaystyle E=2\mu (1+\nu )}$ with ${\displaystyle \nu =0.5}$ for incompressibility).

The true stress as a function of biaxial stretch predicted by a compressible neo-Hookean material for various values of ${\displaystyle C_{1},D_{1}}$. The material properties are representative of natural rubber.

In the case of equibiaxial extension

${\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=\lambda _{2}=\lambda ~;~~\lambda _{3}={\tfrac {J}{\lambda ^{2}}}~;~~I_{1}=2\lambda ^{2}+{\tfrac {J^{2}}{\lambda ^{4}}}}$

Therefore,

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{11}&=2C_{1}\left[{\cfrac {\lambda ^{2}}{J^{5/3}}}-{\cfrac {1}{3J}}\left(2\lambda ^{2}+{\cfrac {J^{2}}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)\right]+2D_{1}(J-1)\\&=\sigma _{22}\\\sigma _{33}&=2C_{1}\left[{\cfrac {J^{1/3}}{\lambda ^{4}}}-{\cfrac {1}{3J}}\left(2\lambda ^{2}+{\cfrac {J^{2}}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)\right]+2D_{1}(J-1)\end{aligned}}}$

The stress differences are

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}-\sigma _{22}=0~;~~\sigma _{11}-\sigma _{33}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J^{5/3}}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\cfrac {J^{2}}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)}$

If the material is in a state of plane stress then ${\displaystyle \sigma _{33}=0}$ and we have

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}=\sigma _{22}={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J^{5/3}}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\cfrac {J^{2}}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)}$

We also have a relation between ${\displaystyle J}$ and ${\displaystyle \lambda }$:

${\displaystyle 2C_{1}\left[{\cfrac {\lambda ^{2}}{J^{5/3}}}-{\cfrac {1}{3J}}\left(2\lambda ^{2}+{\cfrac {J^{2}}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)\right]+2D_{1}(J-1)={\cfrac {2C_{1}}{J^{5/3}}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\cfrac {J^{2}}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)}$

or,

${\displaystyle \left(2D_{1}-{\cfrac {C_{1}}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)J^{2}+{\cfrac {3C_{1}}{\lambda ^{4}}}J^{4/3}-3D_{1}J-2C_{1}\lambda ^{2}=0}$

This equation can be solved for ${\displaystyle J}$ using Newton's method.

For an incompressible material ${\displaystyle J=1}$ and the differences between the principal Cauchy stresses take the form

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}-\sigma _{22}=0~;~~\sigma _{11}-\sigma _{33}=2C_{1}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\cfrac {1}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)}$

Under plane stress conditions we have

${\displaystyle \sigma _{11}=2C_{1}\left(\lambda ^{2}-{\cfrac {1}{\lambda ^{4}}}\right)}$

In this case ${\displaystyle J=\det({\boldsymbol {F}})=1}$. Hence, ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=2C_{1}\operatorname {dev} ({\boldsymbol {B}})}$. Now,

${\displaystyle \operatorname {dev} ({\boldsymbol {B}})={\boldsymbol {B}}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\operatorname {tr} ({\boldsymbol {B}}){\boldsymbol {I}}={\boldsymbol {B}}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}(3+\gamma ^{2}){\boldsymbol {I}}={\begin{bmatrix}{\tfrac {2}{3}}\gamma ^{2}&\gamma &0\\\gamma &-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\gamma ^{2}&0\\0&0&-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\gamma ^{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$

Hence the Cauchy stress is given by

${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{bmatrix}{\tfrac {4C_{1}}{3}}\gamma ^{2}&2C_{1}\gamma &0\\2C_{1}\gamma &-{\tfrac {2C_{1}}{3}}\gamma ^{2}&0\\0&0&-{\tfrac {2C_{1}}{3}}\gamma ^{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$

Using the relation for the Cauchy stress for an incompressible neo-Hookean material we get

${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p~{\boldsymbol {I}}+2C_{1}{\boldsymbol {B}}={\begin{bmatrix}2C_{1}(1+\gamma ^{2})-p&2C_{1}\gamma &0\\2C_{1}\gamma &2C_{1}-p&0\\0&0&2C_{1}-p\end{bmatrix}}}$

Thus neo-Hookean solid shows linear dependence of shear stresses upon shear deformation and quadratic dependence of the normal stress difference on the shear deformation. The expressions for the Cauchy stress for a compressible and an incompressible neo-Hookean material in simple shear represent the same quantity and provide a means of determining the unknown pressure ${\displaystyle p}$.