Wokala

The wokala (singular: wakil; Arabic: وكلاء, romanized: wokala, lit. 'agents') were a networks of agents who were active from Ja'far al-Sadiq's time until the end of the Minor Occultation in 941 CE. The wikalah was responsible for the relations between imams and Shia Islam as well as collecting religious taxes.

Terminology

Wikalah is an Arabic word describing a person who performs duties on behalf of someone else.

It is similar to the English terms agent or power of attorney. A wikalah is a second in command, trusted with acting on behalf of a principal. Wikalah (plural) is used when a person is unable to perform a task directly.[1]

History

Shia imams frequently had to deal with persecution and sometimes - in order to protect themselves - resorted to the practice of taqiya, a form of religious dissimulation.[2] Because of the critical situation of the imams in this era, they were looking for a way to connect with Shia Islam. Often deputies acted secretly on behalf of the Abbasid Caliphs and, in some cases, it was not known that they were imam's deputies.[3]

Formation

The network of agents (Wikalah) was established during the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq.[1] It peaked in the time of the eleventh Imam, Hasan al-Askari. The network of agents was especially important during the minor occultation, because Imam Mahdi only contacted his followers through the agents.[1] The function of this system is shown in letters of instruction of the Al-Hadi. According to Jassim M. Hussain and Abdulaziz Sachedina, deputies were responsible for managing the society.[4][3] Jassim M. Hussain said: "Gradually the leadership of the Wikalah became the only authority which could determine and prove the legitimacy of the new Imam."

For example, the ninth Imam, al‑Jawad said to the head of his deputies about installing Al-Hadi as next Imam.[3]

Minor occultation

The Four Deputies or Gates (Arabic: أبواب),[5] in Twelver Shia Islam, were four individuals who served as intermediaries between the community and the twelfth and final Imam upon his entering the Minor Occultation. The deputies are referred to by the Arabic terms Safir (emissary), Na'ib (deputy)[6] or Wakil (advocate).[7][8]

Twelver tradition holds that four deputies acted in succession to one another from 873 to 941 CE:

Uthman ibn Sa’id al-Asadi († 873–80)
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Sa’id al-Asadi († 917)
Abul Qasim Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti († 938)
Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri († 941)

The Major Occultation began following the death of the last deputy and, according to the Shia doctrine, will continue until the return of the Mahdi.

References

Jabbari, Mohammad Reza. "Preparing the Shi'a for the Age of Occultation Part 2". Ahlul Bayt World Assembly.
Illahi, Mahboob (2 October 2018). Doctrine of Terror: Saudi Salafi Religion. FriesenPress (October 2, 2018). pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-1525526466.
Hussain, Jassim M. (6 March 2014). The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam (A Historical Background). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (October 12, 2014). ISBN 978-1502797506.
Robson, J. (13 April 2010). "Isnād". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Online. Augustana. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3665. ISBN 978-900416121-4. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
Encyclopaedia Iranica (2011). BĀB (1)
Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani, eds. (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes] (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 644. ISBN 9781610691789.
Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi (January 2016). The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780791494790.
The Essence of Islam. Concept Publishing Company. 2012. p. 195. ISBN 9788180698323.

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[al-islam-1] Jabbari, Mohammad Reza. "Preparing the Shi'a for the Age of Occultation Part 2". Ahlul Bayt World Assembly.

[2] Illahi, Mahboob (2 October 2018). Doctrine of Terror: Saudi Salafi Religion. FriesenPress (October 2, 2018). pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-1525526466.

[Jassim_M.-3] Hussain, Jassim M. (6 March 2014). The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam (A Historical Background). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (October 12, 2014). ISBN 978-1502797506.

[q-4] Robson, J. (13 April 2010). "Isnād". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Online. Augustana. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3665. ISBN 978-900416121-4. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.

[5] Encyclopaedia Iranica (2011). BĀB (1)

[6] Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani, eds. (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes] (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 644. ISBN 9781610691789.

[7] Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi (January 2016). The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780791494790.

[8] The Essence of Islam. Concept Publishing Company. 2012. p. 195. ISBN 9788180698323.