Oxidizing and reducing flames

A flame is affected by the fuel introduced and the oxygen available. A flame with a balanced oxygen-fuel ratio is called a neutral flame. The color of a neutral flame is semi-transparent purple or blue.[1] This flame is optimal for many uses because it does not oxidize or deposit soot onto surfaces.

Bunsen burner flames with different oxygen levels: 1 and 2, Reducing flames, 3: Fuel-rich neutral flame, 4: Neutral flame.
Oxygen rich butane torch flame
Fuel rich butane torch flame

Oxidizing flame

If the flame has too much oxygen, an oxidizing flame is produced. When the amount of oxygen increases, the flame shortens due to quicker combustion, its color becomes a more transparent blue, and it hisses/roars.[2] With some exceptions (e.g., platinum soldering in jewelry), the oxidizing flame is usually undesirable for welding and soldering, since, as its name suggests, it oxidizes the metal's surface.[2] The same principle is important in firing pottery.

Reducing flame

A reducing flame is a flame with insufficient oxygen. It has an opaque yellow or orange color due to carbon or hydrocarbons[3] which bind with (or reduce) the oxygen contained in the materials the flame processes.[2] The flame is also called carburizing flame, since it tends to introduce carbon soot into the molten metal.

The flame also produces carbon monoxide, a toxic gas.[4]

Reducing flames with no carbon

Reducing zero-carbon fuel flames, such as reducing hydrogen flames, are exceptions. They don't have an opaque yellow or orange glow, nor do they produce soot or carbon monoxide. This is because these flames do not produce carbon dioxide.

See also

References
  1. HHO gas generator, Typ: H2-3 (BlackWater) 1500 L/hour, retrieved 2021-12-24
  2. "The Anatomy of a Flame", in: "Jewelry concepts and technology", by Oppi Untracht, 1983, ISBN 0-385-04185-3
  3. "Gas Age". Gas Age: Combining Natural Gas, Gas Age, Gas Record. Robbins Publishing Company. 45: 196. 1920. ISSN 0096-0780. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
  4. "Combustion of fuels - Products and effects of combustion - GCSE Chemistry (Single Science) Revision - Other". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
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