Sweetwater Creek State Park

The area of the Sweetwater Creek park used to belong to the Cherokee and according to a legend “Sweetwater” means the name of Chief Ama-Kanasta.[3] In 1819, hunger for land led the state of Georgia to appeal to the United States government to remove the Cherokee; the appeal was rejected.[3]

In 1827, the state of Georgia began to divide the Cherokee lands through lotteries.[3] In 1829, just elected president Andrew Jackson and an ally of the state of Georgia, sided with the state.[3] Even though the U.S. Supreme Court’s decree stated that Georgia had no right to forbid the Cherokee government, in 1831, Georgia’s General Assembly arranged all Cherokee land inspected and distributed by lottery.[3] In 1838, federal troops started forcing the Cherokee to leave Georgia and Alabama and about 20,000 were forced to walk west to Oklahoma via the Trail of Tears.[3]

In Georgia's Gold Lottery of 1832, Philip J. Crask won 40-acre (160,000 m²) Lot 929 in District 18 of the Second Section and paid $18 grant fee.[3] In 1837, Lot 929 was sold at an auction for $12.50 to John Boyle, who in 1845 sold it for $500 to Charles J. McDonald of Cobb County, a former governor of Georgia, and Colonel James Rogers of Milledgeville.[3]

In 1846, Roger and McDonald used slave labor made bricks and started building a water-powered mill along Sweetwater Creek and on December 21, 1849, the five-story mill was in operation.[3] McDonald and Rogers incorporated their business as Sweetwater Manufacturing Company, which made cotton, yarn and fabric.[3] In 1858, McDonald renamed the Sweetwater Manufacturing Company as New Manchester Manufacturing Company after the center of the British textile industry, Manchester, England.[3] By 1860, the factory produced 700 pounds (320 kg) of cotton per day, which was transformed into 120 bunches of yarn and 500 yards (460 m) of osnaburg.

In the summer of 1864, during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War, General Joseph E. Johnston removed the Confederate Army across the Chattahoochee River, leaving the New Manchester factory exposed to the Union Army.[4] On July 2, 1864, two divisions of Union cavalry under Colonel Silas Adams (1st Kentucky) and cavalry under Major Haviland Thompkins (14th Illinois) of General Stoneman’s personnel, approached the factory with orders to shut it down and arrest all the employees.[4]

New Manchester Manufacturing Company ruins

On July 9, 1864, following orders from William Tecumseh Sherman, Major Thompkins burned the New Manchester mill[4] and general store.[1]

The arrested civilian mill employees were moved to Marietta and merged with other mill prisoners, forming a group of 600, all of them women and children. There were no adult male workers in the mill at the time it was captured. All able-bodied men had been called up to fight for the Confederacy in the battle raging around Atlanta.[5] The women mill workers were charged with treason.[5] They spent a week in holding at the Georgia Military Institute. During the week while the women were held in Marietta, several Union soldiers allegedly committed acts of assault against their captives. The women and children were then sent on by train, many to Louisville, Kentucky, others to Indiana.[4][2] In towns already overcrowded with refugees, they struggled to survive. Many would die from starvation or exposure until a mill opened in 1865 that provided employment. The ultimate fates of many of these women are unknown, but the majority who survived settled in the North.[6] Only a handful ever returned to Georgia.

The mill ruins remain and are protected by the Sweetwater Creek State Park, which was founded to protect the ruins and the pristine area around it. All that remains today are the brick walls and the millrace that leads to the factory's water wheel.

The historical geology of the Sweetwater Creek State Park is divided into three periods such as deposition of sediments, metamorphism and folding, and uplift and erosion.[7]

The rocks at the surface at the park were deposited at least 450 million years ago.[7] A sequence of sediments formed rocks such as shales, sandstones and greywackes.[7] When these sediments were deposited, the environment was similar to that off the coast of Georgia today.[7] These deposits were formed constantly through layering of older deposits by younger ones.[7] Later these deposits were covered by basaltic lava.[7] Eventually, the lava cover was mantled by thousands feet of sediments.[7]

It is likely that the deposition continued until 450 million years before the present causing increase of weight of the sediments in the basin.[7] When subsidence stopped uplift began due to compression of the subsidence from the sides.[7] Due to the compression, temperature and pressure rose which led to a reformation of the rocks in the basin.[7] Increasing temperature led to recrystallization of minerals in the rocks.[7] As the result of recrystallization, the micas were preferentially oriented, or oriented in the same position.[7] Due to this orientation, foliation took place.[7] Recrystallization and foliation changed the shales, sandstones, greywackes and basalts into mica schists, quartzites, metagraywackes and amphibolites.[7] It is likely that metamorphism destroyed fossil remains that may have been in the rocks.[7] Along with metamorphism folding and faulting of the rocks took place.[7] There were two periods of the folding in the park.[7] Pressure led to breach of the rocks.[7]

Until approximately 250 million years ago uplift, folding, and faulting of the rocks took place.[7] During and after uplift streams changed landscape.[7] Streams carried away dissolved organic acids and groundwater decomposed the rocks.[7] These processes take place today in the park.[7] The washed sediments were found in the Coastal Plain of Georgia.[7] Due to the erosion, rocks previously several miles deep are exposed to the earth's surface.[7]

Due to conservation efforts, the Visitor Center was built in a sustainable design in 2006.[8] It is 9,000 square feet (840 m²) building which construction cost $1.5 or $173/SF.[8] The Visitor Center has received the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum Certification from the U.S. Green Building Council, which is the highest level attainable.[8] In 2007, the Visitor Center was one of only twenty platinum-rated buildings in the world and it was the first in the Southeast.[8] The building’s reduced impact: 77% reduction in water use, 51% reduction in electricity use, 80% of construction waste diverted from landfill, no increase in stormwater runoff after construction, and daylighting in 83% of interior spaces.[8] The building is built into a hillside to minimize the physical and visual disturbance to the land.[8] To reduce the urban heat island effect and water runoff, two 2,800-square-foot (260 m²) building’s roofs are planted with native plants, green roofs.[8] The green roofs are 12-inch (300 mm) deep.[8]

The sun-controlling feature of the building allows the sun to warm the interior in winter and reduces solar energy in summer.[8] The northern side of the building has clerestory windows that allow indirect sunlight into the building.[8] The southern side of the building has shelves that bounce light into the interior.[8] The building uses photocells and motion sensors for general lighting.[8] Approximately 20% of the building electricity is produced by 10.5 kW photovoltaic arrays consisting of new and recycled solar panels.[8] The building’s long side faces south allowing the solar panels to receive maximum sunlight.[8] The building’s annual energy savings are 57,969 kilowatt-hours which avoid 27 tons of carbon emissions per year.[8]

The Visitor Center uses the existing parking lot, minimizing more disturbance.[8] The park has bioretention ponds to prevent downstream flooding and to filter storm water runoff with aquatic vegetation.[8] The building’s construction materials such as steel structure, aluminum siding and framing are made from recycled materials.[8] The construction waste is recycled.[8] In order to save fuel by avoiding transportation of goods from farther away, the park used masonry stucco, fly-ash concrete and other local materials.[8] In order to save water, the park collects rain water, has a composting toilet, Clivus multrum that uses no potable water, waterless urinals, and pervious concrete.[8]