New Zealand bittern

The New Zealand bittern (Ixobrychus novaezelandiae) is an extinct and enigmatic species of heron in the family Ardeidae. It was endemic to New Zealand and was last recorded alive in the 1890s.[2]

New Zealand bittern
New Zealand bittern (adult and juvenile males)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Ardeidae
Genus: Ixobrychus
Species:
†I. novaezelandiae
Binomial name
†Ixobrychus novaezelandiae
(Purdie, 1871)
Synonyms
  • Ardea pusilla Vieill, 1817
  • Ardetta punctata Gray, 1844
  • Ardetta pusilla Gould, 1848
  • Ardeola pusilla Bonap., 1855
  • Ardeola novaezelandiae A. C. Purdie, 1871
  • Ardetta maculata Buller, 1873
  • Ixobrychus minutus novaezelandiae Mathews & Iredale, 1913
  • Dupetor flavicollis P. L. Horn, 1980

Common names for this species include New Zealand little bittern, spotted heron, and kaoriki (Māori).[3] The scientific species name also has numerous junior synonyms.[3]

Taxonomy

The species has sometimes been regarded as a subspecies of little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus),[4] or conspecific with the black-backed bittern (Ixobrychus dubius) of Australia and New Guinea, though it was first described by Alexander Callender Purdie[2] in 1871 as Ardeola novaezelandiae.[5][6] In 1980, New Zealand palaeontologist Peter L. Horn found subfossil bones of a bittern from Lake Poukawa, which he named Dupetor flavicollis. In 1991, Philip Millener identified Horn's material as remains of the New Zealand bittern.[7]

Description

Although a small bittern, the species was larger (length about 14.75 inches (38 cm)[6]) than the little bittern (25–36 cm). Few specimens are known, and of these doubt exists even about the sex of some, making published descriptions unreliable. Differences from the little bittern include a larger buff patch on the upper wing, black upper parts streaked light brown, under parts streaked dark brown and rufous-buff.[8]

Distribution and habitat

In recent times, the bird is only known with certainty to have inhabited the South Island of New Zealand, with most records from Westland.[4] Although subfossil remains have been found in the North Island, reports of living birds may have been of misidentified Australasian bitterns. The first scientific specimen was reportedly obtained at Tauranga in the North Island by the Reverend Mr Stack in 1836, but is now untraceable. The holotype specimen in the Museum of New Zealand was taken from the head of Lake Wakatipu in Otago.[9] The recorded habitat for the species includes the wooded margins of saline lagoons and creeks.[8][10]

Behaviour

Walter Buller quotes a Mr Docherty, who was familiar with the bird in Westland:

They are to be found on the salt-water lagoons on the seashore, always hugging the timbered side of the same. I have seen them in two positions, viz.:— standing on the bank of the lagoon, with their heads bent forward, studiously watching the water; at other times I have seen them standing straight up, almost perpendicular; I should say this is the proper position for the bird to be placed in when stuffed. When speaking of lagoons as the places where they are to be found, I may mention that I caught one about two miles in the bush, on the bank of a creek; but the creek led to a lagoon. They live on small fishes or the roots of reeds; I should say the latter, because at the very place where I caught one I observed the reeds turned up and the roots gone. They are very solitary, and always found alone, and they stand for hours in one place. I heard a person say that he had opened one and found a large egg in it. They breed on the ground in very obscure places; I never heard their cry.[11]

Feeding

The bittern is recorded as eating mudfish and worms in captivity, when given in water.[10]

Voice

Two calls were recorded by Buller, a "peculiar snapping cry" as an alarm call, and a "cry not unlike that of a kingfisher, though not so loud".[8]

References
  1. BirdLife International (2016). "Ixobrychus novaezelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697307A93607264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697307A93607264.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. Tennyson, A. & Martinson, P. (2006). Extinct birds of New Zealand. Wellington: Te Papa Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-909010-21-8.
  3. Walter Lawry Buller (1888). A history of the birds of New Zealand. pp. 136–138.
  4. Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006). Extinct birds of New Zealand. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-909010-21-8. OCLC 80016906.
  5. Potts, T.H. (1871). "On the Birds of NEW Zealand (Part II)". Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 3: 59–109.
  6. Purdie, A.C. (1871). "On a (supposed) new species of Bittern from the Lake District". Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 3: 99–100.
  7. Worthy, T. H. & Holdaway, R. N. (2002). The lost world of the moa: prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-253-34034-4.
  8. Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J., eds. (1991). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to Ducks. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 1045–1046. ISBN 0-19-553244-9.
  9. "Ixobrychus novaezelandiae; holotype". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  10. Oliver, W.R.B. (1955). New Zealand Birds (2nd ed.). Wellington: Reed. pp. 397–398.
  11. Buller, Walter Lowry (1888). A History of the Birds of New Zealand. Made available through the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. pp. 137–138.
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