Newtonian fluid

For an incompressible and isotropic Newtonian fluid the viscous stress is related to the strain rate by the simple equation

$${\displaystyle \tau =\mu {\frac {du}{dy}}}$$

where

• ${\displaystyle \tau }$ is the shear stress ("drag") in the fluid,
• ${\displaystyle \mu }$ is a scalar constant of proportionality, the shear viscosity of the fluid
• ${\displaystyle {\frac {du}{dy}}}$ is the derivative of the velocity component that is parallel to the direction of shear, relative to displacement in the perpendicular direction.

If the fluid is incompressible and viscosity is constant across the fluid, this equation can be written in terms of an arbitrary coordinate system as

$${\displaystyle \tau _{ij}=\mu \left({\frac {\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}+{\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}\right)}$$

where

• ${\displaystyle x_{j}}$ is the ${\displaystyle j}$th spatial coordinate
• ${\displaystyle v_{i}}$ is the fluid's velocity in the direction of axis ${\displaystyle i}$
• ${\displaystyle \tau _{ij}}$ is the ${\displaystyle j}$-th component of the stress acting on the faces of the fluid element perpendicular to axis ${\displaystyle i}$.

One also defines a total stress tensor ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}$, that combines the shear stress with conventional (thermodynamic) pressure ${\displaystyle p}$. The stress-shear equation then becomes

$${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{ij}=-p\delta _{ij}+\mu \left({\frac {\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}+{\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}\right)}$$

or written in more compact tensor notation

$${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p\mathbf {I} +\mu \left(\nabla \mathbf {v} +\nabla \mathbf {v} ^{T}\right)}$$

where ${\displaystyle \mathbf {I} }$ is the identity tensor.

More generally, in a non-isotropic Newtonian fluid, the coefficient ${\displaystyle \mu }$ that relates internal friction stresses to the spatial derivatives of the velocity field is replaced by a nine-element viscous stress tensor ${\displaystyle \mu _{ij}}$.

There is general formula for friction force in a liquid: The vector differential of friction force is equal the viscosity tensor increased on vector product differential of the area vector of adjoining a liquid layers and rotor of velocity:

$${\displaystyle d\mathbf {F} =\mu _{ij}\,d\mathbf {S} \times \mathrm {rot} \,\mathbf {u} }$$

where ${\displaystyle \mu _{ij}}$ is the viscosity tensor. The diagonal components of viscosity tensor is molecular viscosity of a liquid, and not diagonal components – turbulence eddy viscosity.[5]

In blue a Newtonian fluid compared to the dilatant and the pseudoplastic, angle depends on the viscosity.

The power law model is used to display the behavior of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and measures shear stress as a function of strain rate.

The relationship between shear stress, strain rate and the velocity gradient for the power law model are:

$${\displaystyle \tau =-m\left|{\dot {\gamma }}\right|^{n-1}{\frac {dv_{x}}{dy}},}$$

where

• ${\displaystyle \left|{\dot {\gamma }}\right|^{n-1}}$ is the absolute value of the strain rate to the (n−1) power;
• ${\textstyle {\frac {dv_{x}}{dy}}}$ is the velocity gradient;
• n is the power law index.

If

• n < 1 then the fluid is a pseudoplastic.
• n = 1 then the fluid is a Newtonian fluid.
• n > 1 then the fluid is a dilatant.

The relationship between the shear stress and shear rate in a casson fluid model is defined as follows:

$${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tau }}={\sqrt {\tau _{0}}}+S{\sqrt {dV \over dy}}}$$

where τ₀ is the yield stress and

$${\displaystyle S={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{(1-H)^{\alpha }}}},}$$

where α depends on protein composition and H is the Hematocrit number.