Nicholas reaction

The mechanism of the Nicholas reaction

The addition of dicobalt octacarbonyl to a propargylic ether (1) gives the dicobalt intermediate 2. Reaction with HBF₄ or Lewis acid gives the key dicobalt octacarbonyl-stabilized propargylic cation (3a and 3b). Addition of a nucleophile followed by a mild oxidation gives the desired substituted alkyne (5).

The likely intermediates in the reactions, [(propargylium)Co₂(CO)₆]⁺ cation 3, possessed considerable stability. It was, in fact, possible to observe these cations by ¹H NMR at 10 °C when generated using d-trifluoroacetic acid.[2] Later, Richard E. Connor and Nicholas[5] were able to isolate salts of such cations 3 as stable, dark red solids by treatment of the Co₂(CO)₆-complexed propargyl alcohols with excess fluoroantimonic acid or tetrafluoroboric acid etherate. The reason that these complexes are so remarkably stable is due to significant delocalization of the cationic charge onto the Co₂(CO)₆ moiety. Experimental evidence for the charge delocalization shows an increase in the IR absorption frequencies of the C-O ligands present in the cations compared to those in the parent alcohols. Also, when the cation is formed the central carbon is rehybridised from sp³ to sp² Orbital hybridisation. This causes the atoms to exhibit a trigonal planar arrangement and shortens the covalent bonds around the central carbon in the cation due to the increase in S character.[4]

• Pauson–Khand reaction
• Organometallic chemistry