Skutterudite
Skutterudite is a cobalt arsenide mineral containing variable amounts of nickel and iron substituting for cobalt with the ideal formula CoAs3. Some references give the arsenic a variable formula subscript of 2–3. High nickel varieties are referred to as nickel-skutterudite, previously chloanthite. It is a hydrothermal ore mineral found in moderate to high temperature veins with other Ni-Co minerals. Associated minerals are arsenopyrite, native silver, erythrite, annabergite, nickeline, cobaltite, silver sulfosalts, native bismuth, calcite, siderite, barite and quartz.[3] It is mined as an ore of cobalt and nickel with a by-product of arsenic.
| Skutterudite | |
|---|---|
 Skutterudite from Bou Azzer, Morocco | |
| General | |
| Category | Arsenide mineral |
| Formula (repeating unit) | CoAs3 |
| IMA symbol | Skt[1] |
| Strunz classification | 2.EC.05 |
| Crystal system | Cubic |
| Crystal class | Diploidal (m3) H-M symbol: (2/m 3) |
| Space group | Im3 |
| Unit cell | a = 8.204 Å, Z = 8 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Tin-white to silver-gray, tarnishes gray or iridescent; in polished section, gray, creamy or golden white |
| Crystal habit | Crystals are cubes, octahedra, dodecahedra, rarely prismatic; in skeletal growth forms, distorted aggregates; also massive, granular |
| Twinning | On {112} as sixlings and complex shapes |
| Cleavage | Distinct on {001} and {111}; in traces on {011} |
| Fracture | Conchoidal to uneven |
| Mohs scale hardness | 5.5 - 6 |
| Luster | Metallic |
| Streak | Black |
| Diaphaneity | Opaque |
| Specific gravity | 6.5 |
| References | [2][3][4][5][6] |
The crystal structure of this mineral has been found to be exhibited by several compounds with important technological uses.
The mineral has a bright metallic luster, and is tin white or light steel gray in color with a black streak. The specific gravity is 6.5 and the hardness is 5.5–6. Its crystal structure is isometric with cube and octahedron forms similar to that of pyrite. The arsenic content gives a garlic odor when heated or crushed.
Skutterudite was discovered in Skuterud Mines, Modum, Buskerud, Norway, in 1845.[4] Smaltite is an alternative name for the mineral. Notable occurrences include Cobalt, Ontario, Skuterud, Norway, and Franklin, New Jersey, in the United States. The rare arsenide minerals are classified in Dana's sulfide mineral group, even though it contains no sulfur.
Crystal structure
The crystal structure of the skutterudite mineral was determined in 1928 by Oftedahl[7][8] to be cubic, belonging to space group Im-3 (number 204). The unit cell can be considered to consist of eight smaller cubes made up of the Co atoms. Six of these cubes are filled with (almost) square planar rings of As, each of which is oriented parallel to one of the unit cell edges. The As atoms then form octahedra with Co in the center.
In crystallographic terms, the Co atoms occupy the 8c sites, while the As atoms occupy the 24g sites. The position of the Co atoms within the unit cell is fixed, while the positions of the As atoms are determined by the parameters x and y. It has been shown that for the As-rings to be fully square, these parameters must satisfy the Oftedahl relation x + y = 1/2. Any deviation from this relation yields a rectangular configuration of the As atoms; indeed, this is the case for all known compounds with this structure, and the As atoms do not form a perfect octahedron.
Together with the unit cell size and the assigned space group, the aforementioned parameters fully describe the crystal structure of the material. This structure is often referred to as the skutterudite structure.
Applications
Materials with a skutterudite structure are studied as a low cost thermoelectric material[9] with low thermal conductivity.[10][11] See also Thermoelectric materials#Skutterudite thermoelectrics.
References
- Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- Mineralienatlas
- http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/skutterudite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy
- http://www.mindat.org/min-3682.html Mindat.org
- http://webmineral.com/data/Skutterudite.shtml Webmineral data
- Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, jr., Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, p. 289 ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- Nolas, G. S., Morelli, D. T., Tritt, T. M. (1999). "SKUTTERUDITES: A Phonon-Glass-Electron Crystal Approach to Advanced Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Applications". Annual Review of Materials Science. 29 (1): 89–116. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.MATSCI.29.1.89. ISSN 0084-6600.
- Oftedal, I. (1926). "The crystal structure of skutterudite and related minerals" (PDF). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 8: 250–257. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- Salvador, James R; Cho, Zuxin Ye; Moczygemba, Joshua E; Thompson, Alan J; Sharp, Jeffrey W; König, Jan D; Maloney, Ryan; Thompson, Travis; Sakamoto, Jeffrey; Wang, Hsin; Wereszczak, Andrew A; Meisner, Gregory P (5 Oct 2012). "Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion of Skutterudite-Based Thermoelectric Modules". Journal of Electronic Materials. 42 (7): 1389–1399. doi:10.1007/s11664-012-2261-9. S2CID 93808796.
- Nolas, G. S., Slack, G. A., Morelli, D. T., Tritt, T. M., Ehrlich, A. C. (1996). "The effect of rare‐earth filling on the lattice thermal conductivity of skutterudites". Journal of Applied Physics. 79 (8): 4002–4008. doi:10.1063/1.361828. ISSN 0021-8979.
- Gharleghi, Ahmad; Pai, Yi-Hsuan; Fei-Hung, Lina; Liu, Chia-Jyi (17 Mar 2014). "Low thermal conductivity and rapid synthesis of n-type cobalt skutterudite via a hydrothermal method". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2 (21): 4213–4220. doi:10.1039/C4TC00260A. S2CID 97681877.
- A. Kjekshus and T. Rakke. Compounds with skutterudite type crystal-structure .3. Structural data for arsenides and antimonides. Acta Chemica Scandinavica Series A 28 (1): 99-103 1974.