No. 518 Squadron RAF

No. 518 Squadron RAF was a meteorological squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. The weather observations they collected helped inform Group Captain James Martin Stagg's recommendation to General Dwight D. Eisenhower to delay the launching of the D-Day invasion of Normandy from 5 June to 6 June 1944.[6]

No. 518 Squadron RAF
RAF squadron 518 in Tiree.
Active6 July 1943 – 1 October 1946[1]
CountryUnited Kingdom United Kingdom
Branch Royal Air Force
Rolemeteorological
Part ofNo. 15 Group RAF, Coastal Command[2]
Motto(s)Gaelic: Tha An Iuchair Againn-Ne
(Translation: "We hold the key")[3]
Insignia
Squadron Badge heraldryA hand couped at the wrist holding a key, the ward uppermost[3]
Squadron CodesY3 (Jun 1944 – Oct 1946)[4][5]

History

No. 518 Squadron formed on 6 July 1943 at RAF Stornoway, situated on the Isle of Lewis, in the Western Isles of Scotland. It was equipped with the Handley Page Halifax, a British four-engined heavy bomber. After moving to RAF Tiree on 25 September 1943, and absorbing No. 1402 Flight,[1][7] it became operational with daily sorties out into the North Atlantic to collect meteorological data. It also undertook reconnaissance for Kriegsmarine U-boat activity.[8][6]

Ten hour flights were normal.The flights collected information on barometric pressure, temperature and humidity plus weather, cloud and wind velocity data. The detailed information was sent back by wireless every half hour in meteorological code and wartime cypher. The flights were codenamed "Bismuth" and "Mercer". It was crucial that the pilot fly at exactly the right height and follow the other instructions given by the met observer and the navigator. The navigation had to be spot-on so that the readings taken by the met observer were correct. The flights had to be made, no matter what. During 1944, 518 squadron flew every single day but two. On one of these days the trip was aborted because snow on the runway had hardened to ice and the plane slipped off. [9]

In the run-up to D-Day, during the late spring of 1944, the squadron, operating modified Halifax bomber aircraft out of RAF Tiree, located in the inner Hebrides, and often under dangerous weather conditions, collected weather observations from hundreds of miles into the Atlantic; these reports were used by Group Captain James Martin Stagg in his recommendation to General Dwight D. Eisenhower that the D-Day invasion of Normandy be postponed from 5 to 6 June 1944.[6]

Flights often returned with only three engines running. Sometimes two. During the squadron's time at Tiree, there were 12 crashes or losses of aircraft. [9]

There is a memorial in Tiree to the two Halifax aircrew who lost their lives when their aircraft collided over the airfield on Wednesday 16 August 1944. This memorial was unveiled by Kenneth Organ on 16 August 2014.[10] Attending the ceremony was Antonín Hradilek, Deputy Ambassador of the Embassy of the Czech Republic. Amongst those killed was Leonard Revilliod, grandson of Tomáš Masaryk, the first President of the newly formed Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918[11]


After the end of the Second World War the squadron moved to RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland, where it absorbed No. 1402 (Meteorological) Flight RAF, which had been operating Supermarine Spitfire, and Hawker Hurricane, two types of British single-seat fighter aircraft. With these aircraft added to the squadron inventory, the main equipment was also changed from the Handley Page Halifax Mk.V to the Mk.VI variants. No. 518 squadron was the last of the wartime meteorological squadrons when it was re-numbered to 202 Squadron on 1 October 1946.[1][3][8]

Aircraft operated
Halifax 518 squadron artificially coloured.
Aircraft operated by no. 518 Squadron RAF, data from[1][3][8]
FromToAircraftVersion
July 1943June 1945Handley Page HalifaxMk.V
March 1945October 1946Handley Page HalifaxMk.III
September 1945October 1946Supermarine SpitfireMks.VII & IX
September 1945October 1946Hawker HurricaneMk.IIc
March 1946October 1946Handley Page HalifaxMk.VI

Squadron bases
Bases and airfields used by no. 518 Squadron RAF, data from[1][3][8]
FromToBaseRemark
9 July 194325 September 1943RAF Stornoway, Western Isles, Scotland
25 September 194318 September 1945RAF Tiree, Hebrides, ScotlandSpitfire detachment at RAF Tain, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland
18 September 19451 October 1946RAF Aldergrove, County Antrim, Northern Ireland

See also

References

Citations
  1. Jefford 2001, p. 97.
  2. Delve 1994, pp. 72, 79.
  3. Halley 1988, p. 397.
  4. Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, pp. 118–119 and 160.
  5. Flintham & Thomas 2003, p. 121.
  6. Buttle, Cameron (5 June 2019). "The RAF weathermen who helped save D-Day". BBC Scotland. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  7. Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 120.
  8. Rawlings 1982, p. 253.
  9. Hughes1982, pp. 49-60.
  10. "RAF Tiree-Halifax LL186 and LL 296 Air Crash". Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  11. "Free Czechoslovak Air Force". 26 August 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2023.

Bibliography
  • Bowyer, Michael J.F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
  • Delve, Ken (1994). The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
  • Flintham, Vic; Thomas, Andrew (2003). Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
  • Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
  • {{cite book |last= Jefford |first= C.G. |title= RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 |year=2001 |edition=2nd |publisher=Airlife Publishing Ltd. |location=Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK |isbn=1-85310-053-6 }
  • Hughes, Mike. The Hebrides at War. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 0 86241 771 6.
  • Rawlings, John D.R. (1982). Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd. ISBN 0-7106-0187-5.
  • Sturtivant, Ray, ISO; Hamlin, John (2007). RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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