Nonintrusive load monitoring

Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM), nonintrusive appliance load monitoring (NIALM),[1] or energy disaggregation[2] is a process for analyzing changes in the voltage and current going into a house and deducing what appliances are used in the house as well as their individual energy consumption. Electric meters with NILM technology are used by utility companies to survey the specific uses of electric power in different homes. NILM is considered a low-cost alternative to attaching individual monitors on each appliance. It does, however, present privacy concerns.

Background and theory

Nonintrusive load monitoring was invented by George W. Hart, Ed Kern and Fred Schweppe of MIT in the early 1980s with funding from the Electric Power Research Institute.[3][4]

Figure 1 from US patent 4858141 showing basic process for NILM

The basic process is described in U.S. Patent 4,858,141. As shown in figure 1 from the patent, a digital AC monitor is attached to the single-phase power going into a residence. Changes in the voltage and current are measured (i.e. admittance measurement unit), normalized (scaler) and recorded (net change detector unit). A cluster analysis is then performed to identify when different appliances are turned on and off. If a 60-watt bulb is turned on, for example, followed by a 100-watt bulb being turned on, followed by the 60-watt bulb being turned off followed by the 100-watt bulb being turned off, the NIALM unit will match the on and off signals from the 60-watt bulb and the on and off signals from the 100-watt bulb to determine how much power was used by each bulb and when. The system is sufficiently sensitive that individual 60-watt bulbs can be discriminated due to the normal variations in actual power draw of bulbs with the same nominal rating (e.g. one bulb might draw 61 watts, another 62 watts).

Figure 8 from US patent 4858141 showing how differences in reactive power can help distinguish one appliance from another

The system can measure both reactive power and real power. Hence two appliances with the same total power draw can be distinguished by differences in their complex impedance. As shown in figure 8 from the patent, for example, a refrigerator electric motor and a pure resistive heater can be distinguished in part because the electric motor has significant changes in reactive power when it turns on and off, whereas the heater has almost none.

NILM systems can also identify appliances with a series of individual changes in power draw. These appliances are modeled as finite state machines. A dishwasher, for example, has heaters and motors that turn on and off during a typical dish washing cycle. These will be identified as clusters, and power draw for the entire cluster will be recorded. Hence “dishwasher” power draw can be identified as opposed to “resistor heating unit” and “electric motor”.

Applications
  • "Extremely cost-effective" load identification[5]
  • Cheap detection of startup transients, line or equipment faults, etc.[6][7]
  • Perform surveys of both residential and commercial energy consumption.[8][9]
  • Demand response system for use on the smart grid.[10]
  • Monitor systems on-board ships for safe systems operation with fewer sensors.[11]

Privacy concerns

NILM can detect what types of appliances people have and their behavioral patterns. Patterns of energy use may indicate behavior patterns, such as routine times that nobody is at home, or embarrassing or illegal behavior of residents. It could, for example, reveal when the occupants of a house are using the shower, or when individual lights are turned on and off.[3]

If the NILM is running remotely at a utility or by a third party, the homeowner may not know that their behavior is being monitored and recorded.

A stand-alone in-home system, under the control of the user, can provide feedback about energy use, without revealing information to others. Drawing links between their behavior and energy consumption may help reduce energy consumption, improve efficiency, flatten peak loads, save money, or balance appliance use with green energy availability. However the use of a stand-alone system does not protect one from remote monitoring.

The accuracy and capability of this technology is still developing and is not 100% reliable in near-real-time, such that complete information is accumulated and analyzed over periods ranging from minutes to hours.

Software
  • A framework for non-intrusive load monitoring and diagnostics (M. Eng. thesis) contains code listings for an implementation[12]
  • Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Toolkit (NILMTK) - An open source project written in Python[13]

See also

References
  1. Hart, G. W. (1992). "Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring". Proceedings of the IEEE. 80 (12): 1870–1891. doi:10.1109/5.192069.
  2. Batra, Nipun; Kukunuri, Rithwik; Pandey, Ayush; Malakar, Raktim; Kumar, Rajat; Krystalakos, Odysseas; Zhong, Mingjun; Meira, Paulo; Parson, Oliver (2019-11-13). "Towards reproducible state-of-the-art energy disaggregation". Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation. BuildSys '19. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery: 193–202. doi:10.1145/3360322.3360844. ISBN 978-1-4503-7005-9.
  3. Hart, G. W. (1989). "Residential energy monitoring and computerized surveillance via utility power flows". IEEE Technology and Society Magazine. 8 (2): 12–16. doi:10.1109/44.31557. S2CID 41307271.
  4. NALM bibliography 1980–1995
  5. "The transient behavior of a typical electrical load is strongly". Archived from the original on 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  6. Streubel, Roman; Yang, Bin (September 2012). "Identification of electrical appliances via analysis of power consumption" (PDF). 2012 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/UPEC.2012.6398559. ISBN 978-1-4673-2856-2. S2CID 23933111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  7. Jiang, Lei; Li, Jiaming; Luo, Suhuai; West, Sam; Platt, Glenn (2012). "Power Load Event Detection and Classification Based on Edge Symbol Analysis and Support Vector Machine". Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing. 2012: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2012/742461.
  8. Laughman, C.; Kwangduk Lee; Cox, R.; Shaw, S.; Leeb, S.; Norford, L.; Armstrong, P. (2003). "Power signature analysis" (PDF). IEEE Power and Energy Magazine. 1 (2): 56. doi:10.1109/MPAE.2003.1192027.
  9. Naghibi, B.; Deilami, S. (2014-09-01). "Non-intrusive load monitoring and supplementary techniques for home energy management". 2014 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). pp. 1–5. doi:10.1109/AUPEC.2014.6966647. ISBN 978-0-6469-2375-8. S2CID 27239912.
  10. Bergman, D. C.; Jin, D.; Juen, J. P.; Tanaka, N.; Gunter, C. A.; Wright, A. K. (2011). "Distributed non-intrusive load monitoring". Isgt 2011. IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1109/ISGT.2011.5759180. ISBN 978-1-61284-218-9. S2CID 14088478.
  11. Cox, R. W.; Bennett, P. L.; McKay, T. D.; Paris, J.; Leeb, S. B. (2007). "Using the Non-Intrusive Load Monitor for Shipboard Supervisory Control". 2007 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium. p. 523. doi:10.1109/ESTS.2007.372136. ISBN 978-1-4244-0946-4. S2CID 12796256.
  12. A framework for non-intrusive load monitoring and diagnostics (M. Eng. thesis)
  13. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Toolkit (NILMTK)
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