Oedometer test

The word "oedometer" (/iˈdɒmɪtər/ ee-DO-mi-tər, sometimes /oʊˈdɒmɪtər/ oh-DO-mi-tər) is derived from Ancient Greek οἰδέω (oidéō, "to swell") and the noun oídēma meaning 'swelling',[1] which is also used in English with the same meaning, as oedema.[2]

This should not be confused with the similar-looking but unrelated word "odometer", derived from Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodos, "path") which refers to a device to measure the distance travelled by a vehicle.[3]

Consolidation experiments were first carried out in 1910 by Frontard. A thin sample (2in thick by 14in in diameter) was cut and placed in a metal container with a perforated base. This sample was then loaded through a piston incrementally, allowing equilibrium to be reached after each increment. To prevent drying of the clay, the test was done in a room with high humidity.[4]

Karl von Terzaghi started his consolidation research in 1919 at Robert College in Istanbul.[4] Through these experiments, Terzaghi started to develop his theory of consolidation which was eventually published in 1923.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology played a key role in early consolidation research. Both Terzaghi and Arthur Casagrande spent time at M.I.T. - Terzaghi from 1925 to 1929 and Casagrande from 1926 to 1932. During that time, the testing methods and apparatuses for consolidation testing were improved.[5] Casagrande's contributions to the technique of oedometer testing includes the "Casagrande method" to estimate the pre-consolidation pressure of a natural soil sample.[6] Research was continued at MIT in the 1940s by Donald Taylor.[7]

Both the British Standards Institute and the ASTM have standardised methods of oedometer testing. ASTM D2435 / D2435M - 11 covers oedometer testing by incremental loading. ASTM D3877, ASTM D4546 and AASHTO T216 also provide related procedures for conducting other similar tests for determination of the consolidation characteristics of soils.[8] BS 1377-5:1990 is the relevant British Standard for oedometer testing; the wider BS 1377 series also provides background information and best-practice advice on sample preparation for various geotechnical investigations.[9] There are also two ISO standards on oedometer testing: ISO 17892-5:2017 on incremental loading oedometer tests;[10] and BS EN ISO 17892-11:2019 covers various methods of soil permeability testing, including oedometer tests on saturated samples.[11]

Two disassembled oedometers at the University of Cambridge

An oedometer is fundamentally made out of three components: a "consolidation cell" to hold the soil sample, a mechanism to apply a known pressure over the sample, and an instrument to measure the changes in the sample's thickness.[12]

The equipment required to perform an oedometer test is sometimes called an "oedometer test set". A typical inventory of an oedometer laboratory includes:[13]

• 1 x Bench
• 3 x Oedometers
• 3 x Cells, either 50mm or 63.5mm, or 75mm
• 3 x Dial gauges, either analogue, or digital
• 1 x Weight set

The consolidation cell is the part of the oedometer that holds the soil sample during a test. At the centre of the consolidation cell is a sample ring where the soil sample is held. The sample ring is typically shaped like a cookie cutter, with a sharp edge on one side, so the ring can be used to cut out a sample slice of soil from a larger block of natural soil. Two slices of porous stone, which fit snugly into the sample ring, provide water drainage to the soil sample while confining it mechanically. These components all fit in a larger cylinder, which has grooves to ensure alignment of the components, and provides water supply and drainage to external plumbing. A rigid loading cap sits on top of the soil sample to apply compressive loads to the soil.[12][14]

The loading mechanism of the oedometer applies a known compressive load, and therefore a known compressive stress since the diameter is fixed, to the soil sample. Most oedometers achieve this with a lever arm and a set of free weights: the free weights provide a known gravitational load, and the lever arm multiplies and transmits the load to the soil sample.[15]

Schematic drawing of the incremental loading frame developed by Alan Bishop

There are many oedometer tests that are used to measure consolidation properties. The most common type is the incremental loading (IL) test.[16]

Coefficient of volume compressibility.

Oedometer tests provide engineers with very useful data about the soil being tested.

Coefficient of volume compressibility

${\displaystyle m_{v}={\frac {\Delta e}{1+e_{0}}}{\frac {1}{\Delta \sigma _{v}^{'}}}}$ derivied from Oedometer test

${\displaystyle \Delta H=m_{v}{\sigma _{v}^{'}}H_{0}}$ Applied to layer in field (see pictures)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Oedometers.

• Soil mechanics
• Effective stress