Orchestra hit

Precursors to the popular samples can be found in contemporary classical music, for example in Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird.

Use of short samples (such as the orchestra hit) became popular in the early 1980s with the advent of digital samplers.[7] These devices allowed sounds to be replayed at specific times and at regular intervals by sequencing, which was extremely difficult through previous methods of tape splicing.[7] Samplers also began to allow sections of audio to be edited and played by a keyboard controller.[7]

The orchestra hit was popularised in Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" (1982)[8] and used soon after in Kate Bush's "The Dreaming".[9] Other examples of use in popular music include En Vogue's "Hold On" (1990)[10] and Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill" (1985).[11] Yes's "Owner of a Lonely Heart" (1983) used an orchestra hit which was sampled from Funk, Inc.'s "Kool is Back".[12] By the mid-1980s, the orchestra hit had become commonplace in hip hop music,[13] and its ubiquitous use became a cliché.[14] Use in other genres extends to jazz funk, where it was used on the title track of Miles Davis's 1986 album Tutu.[15] By the mid-1990s the sound had begun to be used in Caribbean music.[1][16]

Anne Dudley and Trevor Horn used an orchestra hit with the Art of Noise as a sound effect rather than a melodic instrument.[9] The sample was used in "Close (to the Edit)", where it was sequenced alongside sound effects of chainsaws, breaking glass and motorcycles.[17] Similarly, the brass orchestra hits in "Owner of a Lonely Heart" are used as a rhythmic device, rather than an effect to evoke a specific environment (in a similar way to samples in Yes's earlier recordings).[7] The stabs in the song may also be substitutes for other instruments in the rhythm section, possibly drum fills, and the use of orchestra hits and other samples is particularly noticeable between the first chorus and the start of the guitar solo.[7] High-pitched versions of the orchestra hit were used in many late 80s and 90s songs in Eastern Europe, for example one notable use there was in the song "S'agapao pou na parei" (Σ'αγαπάω που να πάρει) by Greek singer Thanos Kalliris in 1997.

Orchestra hits are sometimes used in film music to represent loud noises such as closing doors.[18]

Orchestra hit is defined in the General MIDI sound set.[19] It is assigned voice 56, in the ensemble sub group.

The Fairlight CMI synthesizer included a sampled orchestra hit voice, which was later included in many sample libraries.[12] The voice was given the name ORCH5, and was possibly the first famous orchestra hit sample.[20] The sound was a low-resolution, eight-bit digital sample from a recording of Stravinsky's Firebird Suite[8] – specifically, the chord that opens the "Infernal Dance" section, pitched down a minor sixth.[21] It was sampled by David Vorhaus.[21] Music magazine The Wire suggests that the prototype sample is owned by Vivian Kubrick.[22]

Early orchestra hits were short in duration (often less than a second) both due to the nature of the sound (a staccato note) and the restrictions on sampler memory. A compromise for longer durations would be lower bitrates, which would leave the sample with little timbre.[7]

Fairlight produced a number of orchestra hit samples, including a chord version (TRIAD), a percussion version (ORCHFZ1) and a looped version (ORCH2).[21] Samples ORCH4, ORCH5 and ORCH6 were located on the CMI's disk 8, within the STRINGS1 library.[23]

The following samples are examples of orchestra hit voices on different sound modules. Each note is played at C₄ (see scientific pitch notation).

Synthesizer	Sample	Waveform
Roland Virtual Sound Canvas 3
Yamaha CS1x
Yamaha MU50
Yamaha PSS31

• Stab (music)