Ourense (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Ourense (Spanish: Orense) is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects four deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Ourense. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Ourense
Congress of Deputies
Electoral constituency
Location of Ourense within Spain
ProvinceOurense
Autonomous communityGalicia
Population304,280 (2022)[1]
Electorate355,765 (2023)
Major settlementsOurense
Current constituency
Created1977
Seats5 (1977–1993)
4 (1993–present)
Member(s)
  •   PP (3)
  •   PSOE (1)

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[4] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3][5][6] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[7]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[5][6]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
Key to parties
  PSOE
  CG
  UCD
  PP
  CP
  CD
  AP
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
4 1
1st 1979
1 3 1
2nd 1982
1 2 2
3rd 1986
2 1 2
4th 1989
2 3
5th 1993
2 2
6th 1996
2 2
7th 2000
1 3
8th 2004
1 3
9th 2008
2 2
10th 2011
1 3
11th 2015
1 1 2
12th 2016
1 3
13th 2019 (Apr)
2 2
14th 2019 (Nov)
2 2
15th 2023
1 3

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 93,18250.02+10.61 3+1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 56,03530.08–3.12 1–1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 15,3178.22+2.24 0±0
Unite Galicia (Sumar)1 10,1715.46–2.46 0±0
Vox (Vox) 9,0804.87–2.88 0±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 7000.38–0.26 0±0
Workers' Front (FO) 1820.10New 0±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD) 1530.08New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1440.08–0.10 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Galicia (PCTG) 1010.05–0.04 0±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 970.05–0.08 0±0
Blank ballots 1,1090.60–0.37
Total 186,271 4±0
Valid votes 186,27199.05+0.28
Invalid votes 1,7940.95–0.28
Votes cast / turnout 188,06552.86+4.68
Abstentions 167,70047.14–4.68
Registered voters 355,765
Sources[8]
Footnotes:

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 67,58039.41+4.60 2±0
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 56,93433.20+0.32 2±0
In Common–United We Can (PodemosEU) 13,5737.92–1.02 0±0
Vox (Vox) 13,2857.75+2.56 0±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 10,2565.98+2.06 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 6,3973.73–7.02 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,0940.64–0.18 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 3070.18+0.07 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 2210.13+0.03 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Galicia (PCTG) 1580.09+0.02 0±0
Blank ballots 1,6660.97+0.03
Total 171,471 4±0
Valid votes 171,47198.77±0.00
Invalid votes 2,1271.23±0.00
Votes cast / turnout 173,59848.18–5.78
Abstentions 186,70451.82+5.78
Registered voters 360,302
Sources[9]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 67,02034.81–14.89 2–1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 63,30432.88+9.55 2+1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 20,68910.75+3.70 0±0
In Common–United We Can (PodemosEUMareas en ComúnEquo)1 17,2138.94–6.71 0±0
Vox (Vox) 9,9845.19New 0±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 7,5483.92+1.71 0±0
In Tide (En Marea) 2,2201.15New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,5760.82–0.08 0±0
Living Ourense (VOU) 3350.17New 0±0
Commitment to Galicia (CxG) 2720.14New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 2130.11New 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 2020.10–0.12 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Galicia (PCTG) 1430.07New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,8040.94+0.12
Total 192,523 4±0
Valid votes 192,52398.77+0.03
Invalid votes 2,3901.23–0.03
Votes cast / turnout 194,91353.96+2.22
Abstentions 166,27546.04–2.22
Registered voters 361,188
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 92,53949.70+4.78 3+1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 43,42923.33+0.15 1±0
In Tide (PodemosAnovaEU) 29,13615.65–2.16 0–1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 13,1337.05–0.81 0±0
Galician Nationalist BlocWe–Galician Candidacy (BNG–Nós)1 4,1072.21–1.14 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,6710.90+0.17 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 4170.22+0.01 0±0
Communists of Galicia (PCPE–CdG) 2180.12New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,5270.82–0.09
Total 186,177 4±0
Valid votes 186,17798.74+0.04
Invalid votes 2,3851.26–0.04
Votes cast / turnout 188,56251.74–1.74
Abstentions 175,90748.26+1.74
Registered voters 364,469
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 86,67344.92–11.76 2–1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 44,72623.18–4.89 1±0
In Tide (PodemosAnovaEU)1 34,35717.81+14.93 1+1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 15,1747.86New 0±0
We–Galician Candidacy (Nós)2 6,4553.35–5.98 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,4060.73+0.40 0±0
For the Left (X Esq) 8730.45New 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 7770.40–0.42 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 3990.21New 0±0
Land Party (PT) 3440.18New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,7490.91–0.49
Total 192,933 4±0
Valid votes 192,93398.70+0.08
Invalid votes 2,5421.30–0.08
Votes cast / turnout 195,47553.48–3.63
Abstentions 170,03846.52+3.63
Registered voters 365,513
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 115,79656.68+9.39 3+1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 57,34028.07–10.91 1–1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 19,0549.33–1.51 0±0
United LeftThe Greens: Plural Left (EU–V) 4,7572.33+1.64 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,6770.82+0.37 0±0
Equo (Equo) 1,1250.55New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 6790.33New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 6540.32+0.09 0±0
XXI Convergence (C.XXI) 1910.09New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1560.08New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,8571.40+0.66
Total 204,286 4±0
Valid votes 204,28698.62–0.70
Invalid votes 2,8541.38+0.70
Votes cast / turnout 207,14057.11–11.46
Abstentions 155,53942.89+11.46
Registered voters 362,679
Sources[9]

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 114,43347.29–7.98 2–1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 94,31538.98+7.88 2+1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 26,23510.84–0.06 0±0
United Left–Alternative (EU–IU) 1,6580.69–0.17 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,1010.45New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 5580.23New 0±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE) 5080.21New 0±0
Communist Party of the Galician People (PCPG) 3190.13New 0±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD) 2880.12New 0±0
Liberal Democratic Centre (CDL) 1810.07New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1370.06–0.03 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1260.05+0.02 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 1150.05New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 1040.04New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 820.03±0.00 0±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 430.02New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,7830.74–0.33
Total 241,986 4±0
Valid votes 241,98699.32–0.04
Invalid votes 1,6530.68+0.04
Votes cast / turnout 243,63968.57+0.54
Abstentions 111,65031.43–0.54
Registered voters 355,289
Sources[9]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 132,63155.27–1.92 3±0
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 74,63631.10+8.02 1±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 26,15310.90–6.06 0±0
United Left (EU–IU) 2,0550.86+0.14 0±0
Galician Coalition (CG) 5860.24–0.08 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 2330.10+0.02 0±0
Party of Self-employed and Professionals (AUTONOMO) 2310.10–0.01 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 2150.09+0.01 0±0
Galician People's Front (FPG) 1950.08±0.00 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 910.04New 0±0
Republican Left–Galician Republican Left (IR–ERG) 870.04New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 830.03New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 750.03New 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 700.03–0.04 0±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 530.02New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,5591.07+0.16
Total 239,953 4±0
Valid votes 239,95399.36–0.04
Invalid votes 1,5450.64+0.04
Votes cast / turnout 241,49868.03+2.85
Abstentions 113,51031.97–2.85
Registered voters 355,008
Sources[9]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Ourense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 128,53557.19+8.40 3+1
Socialists' Party of GaliciaProgressives (PSdeG–PSOE–p) 51,86423.08–13.18 1–1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 38,10616.96+4.89 0±0
United Left (EU–IU) 1,6260.72–0.98 0±0
Galician Coalition (CG) 7140.32New 0±0
Galician Democracy (DG) 6880.31New 0±0
Party of Self-employed and Professionals (AUTONOMO) 2560.11New 0±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 2300.10New 0±0
Galician People's Front (FPG) 1840.08±0.00 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre–Centrist Union (CDS–UC) 1800.08–0.02 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1690.08+0.03 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 1490.07New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,0370.91+0.22
Total 224,738 4±0
Valid votes 224,73899.40+0.15
Invalid votes 1,3670.60–0.15
Votes cast / turnout 226,10565.18–5.68
Abstentions 120,78334.82+5.68
Registered voters 346,888
Sources[9]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Orense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 112,32648.79–0.33 2±0
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 83,47436.26–2.97 2±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 27,77912.07+5.71 0±0
United Left–Galician Left (EU–EG) 3,9151.70–0.58 0±0
The European Greens–The Greens of Galicia (VE–VG) 6110.27–0.03 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 2310.10–1.09 0±0
Galician People's Front (FPG) 1930.08New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1100.05+0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 1,5830.69+0.01
Total 230,222 4±0
Valid votes 230,22299.15–0.36
Invalid votes 1,9810.85+0.36
Votes cast / turnout 232,20370.86+4.59
Abstentions 95,50329.14–4.59
Registered voters 327,706
Sources[9]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Orense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 106,47149.12+8.39 2–1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 85,03539.23+3.87 2±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 13,7806.36+3.75 0±0
United LeftGalician Unity (EU–UG) 4,9522.28+0.32 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 2,5701.19–4.38 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 6880.32–0.11 0±0
The Greens (Os Verdes) 6530.30–0.22 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 3440.16New 0±0
Communist Party of the Galician People (PCPG) 2440.11+0.02 0±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS) 1460.07New 0±0
Galician Alternative (AG) 1440.07New 0±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 1230.06New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 800.04–0.04 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 690.03New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,4720.68±0.00
Total 216,771 4–1
Valid votes 216,77199.51+0.61
Invalid votes 1,0610.49–0.61
Votes cast / turnout 217,83266.27+10.62
Abstentions 110,85833.73–10.62
Registered voters 328,690
Sources[9]

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Orense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's PartyCentrists of Galicia (PP–CdeG)1 76,70740.73+2.20 3+1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 66,59235.36+1.56 2±0
Galician Coalition (CG) 14,5787.74–6.06 0–1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 10,4865.57+0.07 0±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 4,9212.61+1.01 0±0
Galician Nationalist Party–Galicianist Party (PNG–PG) 3,7642.00New 0±0
United Left (EU) 3,6911.96+0.91 0±0
Galician Socialist Party–Galician Left (PSG–EG) 2,4551.30–0.25 0±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV) 9740.52New 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 8050.43New 0±0
Galician People's Front (FPG) 5770.31New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 5510.29–0.19 0±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 2380.13–0.26 0±0
Communist Party of the Galician People (PCPG) 1660.09New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1550.08New 0±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) 1360.07New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1290.07–0.07 0±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 1150.06New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,2760.68+0.18
Total 188,316 5±0
Valid votes 188,31698.90+0.05
Invalid votes 2,0991.10–0.05
Votes cast / turnout 190,41555.65+4.85
Abstentions 151,73744.35–4.85
Registered voters 342,152
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Orense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Coalition (APPDPPL)1 67,12838.53+2.93 2±0
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdG–PSOE) 58,87633.80+5.56 2+1
Galician Coalition (CG) 24,04513.80New 1+1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 9,5845.50+3.57 0±0
Group of Independent Electors (ADEI) 3,8572.21New 0±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 2,7831.60–0.68 0±0
Galician Socialist Party–Galician Left (PSG–EG)2 2,7021.55+1.20 0±0
Galicianist and United Left Platform (PG–EU)3 1,8231.05+0.19 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 8410.48–0.11 0±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 6750.39New 0±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)4 4220.24+0.13 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 3690.21+0.02 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2410.14+0.05 0±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) n/an/a–29.17 0–2
Blank ballots 8650.50+0.14
Total 174,211 5±0
Valid votes 174,21198.85+0.11
Invalid votes 2,0211.15–0.11
Votes cast / turnout 176,23250.80–4.23
Abstentions 170,65249.20+4.23
Registered voters 346,884
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Orense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (APPDP)1 63,80135.60+16.84 2+1
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 52,28229.17–23.32 2–1
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdG–PSOE) 50,61928.24+12.00 1±0
Galician Nationalist BlocGalician Socialist Party (B–PSG)2 4,0812.28–5.56 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 3,4671.93New 0±0
Communist Party of Galicia (PCE–PCG) 1,5340.86–1.81 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 1,0560.59New 0±0
Galician Left (EG) 6320.35New 0±0
New Force (FN)3 3990.22New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 3390.19New 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) 1900.11New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1690.09New 0±0
Communist Left (LCRMC)4 00.00–0.75 0±0
Blank ballots 6520.36+0.36
Total 179,221 5±0
Valid votes 179,22198.74–1.26
Invalid votes 2,2831.26+1.26
Votes cast / turnout 181,50455.03+13.67
Abstentions 148,34344.97–13.67
Registered voters 329,847
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Orense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 75,27152.49–9.24 3–1
Democratic Coalition (CD)1 26,90118.76+5.41 1±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)2 23,29216.24+1.69 1+1
Galician National-Popular Bloc (BNPG) 7,8995.51+4.01 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 3,8292.67+1.04 0±0
Galician Unity (PGPOGPSG)3 3,3482.33+0.80 0±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)4 7410.52–0.94 0±0
Communist Movement of GaliciaOrganization of Communist Left (MCG–OIC) 6220.43New 0±0
Carlist Party (PC) 6060.42New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 4650.32New 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 4170.29New 0±0
Blank ballots 00.00–0.37
Total 143,391 5±0
Valid votes 143,391100.00+1.76
Invalid votes 00.00–1.76
Votes cast / turnout 143,39141.36–10.69
Abstentions 203,26958.64+10.69
Registered voters 346,660
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Orense
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 99,44061.73n/a 4n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 21,50213.35n/a 1n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 21,07913.09n/a 0n/a
Christian Democratic Team of the Spanish State (PGSDPPG) 3,3842.10n/a 0n/a
Spanish Social Reform (RSE) 2,8841.79n/a 0n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 2,6271.63n/a 0n/a
Galician Socialist Party (PSG) 2,4581.53n/a 0n/a
Galician National-Popular Bloc (BNPG) 2,4121.50n/a 0n/a
People's Socialist PartySocialist Unity (PSP–US) 2,3581.46n/a 0n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI) 2,3471.46n/a 0n/a
Blank ballots 5900.37n/a
Total 161,081 5n/a
Valid votes 161,08198.24n/a
Invalid votes 2,8801.76n/a
Votes cast / turnout 163,96152.05n/a
Abstentions 151,07247.95n/a
Registered voters 315,033
Sources[9]

References

  1. "Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (305): 178928–178933. 21 December 2022. ISSN 0212-033X.
  2. "Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  4. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  5. "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  6. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  7. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  8. "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN 0212-033X.
  9. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.

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