Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union

In conjunction with their mission and objectives, the OCFCU realized the importance of the export market and started building a direct connection between small landholders growing coffee and international coffee markets.[2] As of 2014, export destinations include Australia, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and more.[2] As of 2014, the Union was Ethiopia’s largest exporter of organic coffee and the second largest in Fair trade coffee exports in the world.[2]

Since the coffee market is saturated with more sellers (farmers) than buyers, buyers hold considerable power in trade and price determination.[20] Consequently, cooperatives have been considered as organisations playing significant socioeconomic roles by reducing transaction costs and increasing the bargaining power of suppliers.[21] The Union has been able to reduce the number of intermediaries between coffee growers and the export market, significantly increasing the share of the value-added chain. The Union has subsequently increased the bargaining power of farmers and reaped economies of scale by becoming large, and economies of scope by offering different coffee varieties.[2] Furthermore, cooperatives improve poverty in developing countries and allow the possibility for income generation from employment opportunities.[22] In accordance with their objective of improving farmers’ incomes, the Union disburses seventy percent of profits to cooperatives and their members through dividends.[2] As of 2014, $3 million in dividends had been paid to farmers.[2] Through their successes, the Union is now able to employ two thousand seasonal and permanent employees.[2]

The Union has received several awards and has been recognized as a preeminent Arabica coffee bean producer. In 2000, OCFCU samples were rated as among the best in the world by roasting houses at the Speciality Coffee Association of America conference.[2] At the 2012 Coffee of the Year Competition, OCFCU coffee was ranked first out of 250 different coffees.[2] Furthermore, the OCFCU has numerous certifications including Fair trade, organic, UTZ, and Rainforest Alliance certified coffees.[1] The 405 cooperatives within OCFCU operate under the Fair trade principles. In 2002, the first cooperative was certified Fair trade, and as of 2020, forty-eight cooperatives are Fair trade certified.[2][23]

Ethiopian women traditionally roasting raw coffee beans

As well as economic development, the Union has brought significant social benefits to members and local stakeholders; these include improved infrastructure and services through building roads, storage facilities, bridges, clinics, and schools in the local communities.[2] OCFCU also offers access to banking and credit services, coffee quality control training, education, flour mills, and community clinics, among others for members.[2] The following table from the OCFCU website outlays the Union's economic and social endeavors:[24]

Coffee crops are significantly affected by climate volatility. As diseases and pests become more prevalent and temperatures rise and patterns of rainfall become more volatile, it becomes significantly more difficult to grow coffee successfully.[2] The size of land held by farming families is heterogeneous and some communities are more vulnerable than others to climate volatility.[2] Sustainable farming has been a staple of Ethiopian coffee farming for generations, and most coffee is grown under shade and is bird-friendly.[2] In 2014, OCFCU partnered with a roasting house in the Netherlands with the aim to eliminate the reliance on wood for household use and produce carbon-neutral coffee from farm to cup.[2] According to the plan, farmers are incentivised to participate in the scheme with bonus payments of USD$25 and cooking stoves are being distributed to families so that they will stop using wood for their cooking needs.[2] The reduction of carbon dioxide with the new stoves compared to cooking over an open fire is up to 70%, and it is estimated that the project will generate over 30,000 carbon credits.[2] The Fair trade premium from the carbon credits goes toward projects which will make communities better equipped to deal with the effects of climate volatility.[2]

Another concern for OCFCU farmers is the aging of coffee trees. The coffee tree can take up to five years to mature, and thus, intensive labor is needed to bring the tree to maturation and reap profits from proper tree development.[20] Furthermore, when the crop is no longer profitable, it is difficult to clear the land to plant a new crop to recover any losses.[20][25] Previously, agronomic development was stimulated by investment in local tree plantations in conjunction with the European Union. This partnership ended in the 1980s, and there has been insufficient investment in agronomic development since.[2]

A systemic risk faced by farmers is coffee price volatility. Coffee is the most accessible source of income for poor smallholder Ethiopian farmers.[26] However, coffee prices, being a commodity, are inherently more volatile than industrial products.[3] Since Ethiopian farmers are price takers, changes in the world production and prices of coffee directly and significantly affect Ethiopian coffee prices, and thus, farmers' profits.[26] Moreover, when coffee prices are low, many farmers suffer from inadequate income, and thus, hunger.[2][27] Previously, in the lean period preceding harvest (June to September), farmers would borrow at high interest rates from private lenders to subsist and improve their farming practices and harvests.[2] However, in 2005, the Union implemented its own financial services through the Cooperative Bank of Oromia.[2] The organisation provides pre-harvest financing and loan advances to 70% of members to ensure crop development.[2]