Osazone

Osazone are a class of carbohydrate derivatives found in organic chemistry formed when reducing sugars are reacted with excess of phenylhydrazine at boiling temperatures.[1][2]

Ball-and-stick model of glucosazone

Formation

Osazone formation was developed by Emil Fischer,[3] who used the reaction as a test to identify monosaccharides.

The formation of a pair of hydrazone functionalities involves both oxidation and condensation reactions.[4] Since the reaction requires a free carbonyl group, only "reducing sugars" participate. Sucrose, which is nonreducing, does not form an osazone.

A typical reaction showing the formation of an osazone. D-glucose reacts with phenylhydrazine to give glucosazone. The same product is obtained from fructose and mannose.
General steps in osazone formation

Appearance

Osazones are highly coloured and crystalline compounds. Osazones are readily distinguished.[5]

  • Maltosazone (from maltose) forms petal-shaped crystals.
  • Lactosazone (from lactose) forms powder puff-shaped crystals.
  • Galactosazone (from galactose) forms rhombic-plate shaped crystals.
  • Glucosazone (from glucose, fructose or mannose) forms broomstick or needle-shaped crystals.

Historic references
  • Fischer, Emil (1908). "Schmelzpunkt des Phenylhydrazins und einiger Osazone". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 41: 73–77. doi:10.1002/cber.19080410120.
  • Fischer, Emil (1894). "Ueber einige Osazone und Hydrazone der Zuckergruppe". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 27 (2): 2486–2492. doi:10.1002/cber.189402702249.
  • Barry, VINCENT C.; Mitchell, PW (1955). "Mechanism of Osazone Formation". Nature. 175 (4448): 220. Bibcode:1955Natur.175..220B. doi:10.1038/175220a0. PMID 13235861.

References
  1. El Khadem, Hassan S.; Fatiadi, Alexander J. (2000). "Hydrazine derivatives of carbohydrates and related compounds". Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry. 55: 175-263. doi:10.1016/S0065-2318(00)55006-9. ISBN 9780120072552. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  2. Mester, L.; El Khadem, H.; Horton, D. (1970). "Structure of saccharide osazones". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic (18): 2567. doi:10.1039/J39700002567.
  3. Helferich, B. (1953). "Emil Fischer zum 100. Geburtstag". Angewandte Chemie. 65 (2): 45–52. Bibcode:1953AngCh..65...45H. doi:10.1002/ange.19530650202.
  4. Ramakrishnan, S. (2004). Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125020714.
  5. Gupta, Anil (2019). "Carbohydrates". Comprehensive Biochemistry for Dentistry. Singapore: Springer. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-981-13-1035-5.
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