Osnabrück

Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne, King of the Franks, in 780. Some time prior to 803, the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück. Although the precise date is uncertain, it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony.

In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück. This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school, but the charter date is disputed by historians, some of whom believe it could be a forgery.

In 889 the town was given merchant, customs, and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia. Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a "city" in 1147. A decade later, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges (Befestigungsrecht). Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city. Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century, as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities.

The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho, one of Osnabrück's most important clerics in the 15th century.

From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War and also witch hunting. In 1582, during the rule of Mayor Hammacher (1565–1588), 163 women were executed as alleged witches; most of them were burned alive. In total, 276 women were executed, along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry.

The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543. Over the next century, Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected. However, the Catholic churches continued to operate, and the city never became completely Lutheran. After the Thirty Years' War broke out, a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623, and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628.[12] The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632, but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control.

The Prince-Bishop's Palace, 1777

Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648. The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia, ended the Thirty Years' War. Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran. The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop. The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover. From 1667, prince-bishop Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, built the new baroque palace. His son, George I of Great Britain, died in the palace, at the time residence of his younger brother, prince-bishop Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, on a travel on 11 June 1727.

In the early 18th century, renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town, the Osnabrücker Geschichte.[13] Following the Seven Years' War, the town's population fell below 6,000, however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards.[14]

The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795, followed by the French in 1803.[15] As a result, the town's population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century.[15] The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times. Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation, and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806. From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia, after which it passed to the First French Empire. After 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover.

St. Peter's Cathedral

The town's first railway line was built in 1855, connecting it with Löhne. Further rail connections appeared over the following decades, connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856, Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874.[16] In 1866, Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover. Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries, with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873.[15] The later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation.[17]

By 1914, Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants.[15] The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages.[17] Following Germany's defeat in 1918, a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution, but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year.[18] Similarly to many other German cities, Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s, with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government assistance by 1928.[19]

Politically, Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party. However, in the Reichstag elections of September 1930, the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city (nearly 28%) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior.[20] During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932, both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city.[21]

Southern part of the inner city

Following the Nazis' seizure of power in January 1933, Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic, political, and social programmes. These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime, and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later.[22] However, dissenters, supporters of opposition parties and German Jews (who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city[23]) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against, imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town.[24] During World War II, both Jews and Romani people were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse.[25] In October 1942, a subcamp of the 2nd SS construction brigade (forced labour camp) in Bremen was established in Osnabrück.[26] 86 of the 250 prisoners died of starvation and maltreatment before the subcamp's dissolution in May 1943.[26] Osnabrück was also the location of the Oflag VI-C and Oflag 66 prisoner-of-war camps for Serbian, French and Belgian officers.[27]

The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945, when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Second Army entered the city with little resistance.[28] By this time, the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the war's end. Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor, Johannes Petermann. However, during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor, Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city.[29] Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück were generally peaceful, though tensions existed; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women.[30] Additionally, the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946.[31] Amidst shortages, the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity.[32]

After World War II West Germany realigned its states; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946. The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison, a garrison near the city, which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world, housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians.[33] It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996.[34] Due to budget cuts, the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government.[35]

After three centuries, the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974.

Largest foreign resident groups in Osnabrück as of 31 December 2017:[36]

Rank	Nationality	Population (31 December 2017)
1	Syria	2,725
2	Turkey	2,705
3	Bulgaria	2,025
4	Poland	1,580
5	Portugal	1,030

Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948, hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War. This attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century. The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976.[43] Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys. Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement; this features an obelisk among other things.

Ernest Augustus, Duke of York

Charlotte Sophia, Countess of Darlington

Christian Wulff, 2014

Friedrich Clemens Gerke, 1840

Erich Maria Remarque, 1929

Olaf Scholz, 2022

• Albert Suho (c. 1380 – c. 1450), clergyman, theologian, historian
• Friedrich Staphylus (1512–1564), theologian
• Johann Wilhelm Petersen (1649–1727), evangelical theologian
• Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany (1674–1728), brother of George I of Great Britain
• Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Darlington (1675–1725), courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain
• Justus Möser (1720–1794), jurist and social theorist
• Ernst zu Münster (1766–1839), politician, statesman in the service of House of Hannover
• Bernhard Rudolf Abeken (1780–1866), philologist
• Karl Fortlage (1806–1881), philosopher
• Heinrich Abeken (1809–1872), evangelical theologian
• Friedrich Blass (1843–1907), classical scholar
• Friedrich Westmeyer (1873–1917), politician and trade unionist
• Walter Warlimont (1894–1976), General of the Artillery
• Elfriede Scholz (1903–1943), victim of national socialism
• Hans Georg Calmeyer (1903–1972), attorney, Righteous Among the Nations
• Fritz Buntrock (1909–1948), SS officer and war criminal
• Rudolf Beckmann (1910–1943), SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal
• Franz Lucas (1911–1994), concentration camp doctor
• Wilhelm Schitli (1912–1945?), SS officer
• Hubertus Brandenburg (1923–2009), Bishop of Stockholm
• Reinhold Remmert (1930–2016), mathematician
• Jürgen Kühling (1934–2019), lawyer, former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court
• Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake (born 1935), physicist and mathematician
• Rudolf Seiters (born 1937), politician (CDU), Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002
• Hans Huchzermeyer (born 1939), physician and musicologist
• Paul Kirchhof (born 1943), former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court, prof. of tax law
• Hans-Gert Pöttering (born 1945), lawyer and politician, former President of the European Parliament
• Ferdinand Kirchhof (born 1950), judge at the Federal Constitutional Court, professor of tax law
• Thomas Bellut (born 1955), journalist
• Olaf Scholz (born 1958), politician (SPD) and Chancellor of Germany from 2021
• Christian Wulff (born 1959), politician and lawyer, President of Germany from 2010 to 2012
• Boris Pistorius (born 1960), politician, former Lord mayor of Osnabrück, Minister of defence of Germany from 2023
• Anke Hennig (born 1964), politician (SPD)
• Sabine R. Huebner (born 1976), ancient historian

• Peter van Pels (1926–1945) son of Auguste van Pels and Hermann van Pels, occupant at the Secret Annex in Amsterdam together with Anne Frank and her family; Born in Osnabrück
• Heinrich Wenner (1912–2008), antiquarian bookseller
• Theo Oeverhaus (b. 2004), racing driver

• Gerlach Flicke (c. 1500–1558), painter
• John Closterman (1660–1711), portrait painter
• Friedrich Clemens Gerke (1801–1888), writer, journalist and pioneer of telegraphy
• August von Kreling (1819–1876), painter and sculptor
• Alfred Runge (1881–1946), architect
• Erich Maria Remarque (1898–1970), writer
• Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart (1899–1962), painter
• Mathias Wieman (1902–1969), actor
• Felix Nussbaum (1904–1944), surrealist painter
• Herbert Tiede (1915–1987), actor
• Benno Sterzenbach (1916–1985), actor
• Ursula Levy (b. 1935), American author, child psychologist and Holocaust survivor
• Birgitta Tolksdorf (b. 1947), German-American actress
• Markus Becker (b. 1963), pianist
• Evelyn Herlitzius (b. 1963), opera singer
• Marc Engelhard (b. 1973), musician, writer, designer, producer, journalist
• Gentleman (b. 1974), reggae musician
• Robin Schulz (b. 1987), musician, DJ and record producer
• Waterdown (1999–2012), hardcore punk band