Oswulf I of Bamburgh

Oswulf[1] (fl. c. 946 to after 954) was ruler of Bamburgh and subsequently, according to later tradition, commander of all Northumbria under the lordship of King Eadred of England. He is sometimes called "earl" or "high reeve", though the precise title of the rulers of Bamburgh is unclear. By the twelfth century Oswulf was held responsible for the death of Northumbria's last Norse king, Eric of York, subsequently administering the Kingdom of York on behalf of Eadred.

This article is about the tenth-century ruler of Bamburgh. For the eleventh-century earl of Bamburgh, see Osulf II of Bamburgh.

Oswulf
The peninsula of Bamburgh, with the modern castle
Diedbetween 954 and 963
Known forBetraying Eric of York and being the first recorded High-Reeve of Bamburgh
TitleHigh-Reeve of Bamburgh, Ealdorman of York
Parent

Identity

Only elements of Oswulf's origin are accounted for. A genealogy in the text De Northumbria post Britannos, recording the ancestry of Waltheof Earl of Northampton (and, briefly, Northumbria), says that Oswulf was the son of Eadwulf I of Bamburgh, the ′King of the Northern English′ who died in 913.[2] There has also been modern speculation that he was son of Ealdred I of Bamburgh, and thus grandson of Eadwulf I.[3] Richard Fletcher and David Rollason thought he might be the Oswulf Dux who had witnessed charters further south in the 930s, which if true would extend Oswulf's floruit back to 934.[4]

He is the first man specifically designated "high-reeve" of Bamburgh. High-reeve is Old English heah-gerefa, and Alfred Smyth thought the style was influenced by the Scottish word mormaer, which possibly has the same meaning ("High Steward").[5] Judging by the North People's Law, a high-reeve was not the same as an ealdorman (dux), having only half an ealdorman's wergild.[6]

Oswulf is listed as an attester to four charters of King Eadred, one dated 946, two in 949 and one of 950. These are all 'alliterative charters', which have much fuller witness lists than 'mainstream charters', so he may have been present on other occasions.[7]

Erik of York and domination of all Northumbria

Though Eadwulf and Ealdred had ruled in the north, in the years running up to 954, southern Northumbria was controlled by the Scandinavians, with power switching between Óláfr Sigtryggsson and Eric of York from the early 940s.[8] According to Roger of Wendover's Flores historiarum (early 13th century), Oswulf was responsible for a conspiracy with a certain Maccus that led to the betrayal and death of Eric, ruler of York, "in a certain lonely place called Stainmore".[9]

By the twelfth century, there is a tradition that Oswulf was able to take command of all Northumbria, notwithstanding the overlordship of King Eadred, West Saxon ruler of England.[10] Although this part of the Flores historiarum was compiled centuries later and contains some obvious anachronisms, the author had access to certain earlier sources, no longer extant, making the account credible.[11] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle names King Eadred as the new ruler of Northumbria following the expulsion of Erik:

Her Norðhymbre fordrifon Yric, 7 Eadred feng to Norðhymbra rice
In this year the Northumbrians drove out Eric and Eadred succeeded to the kingdom".[12]

This is why Richard Fletcher thinks Oswulf was working at Eadred's instigation, and that a grateful Eadred promoted Oswulf ruler of the entire Northumbrian sub-kingdom.[13] Another twelfth-century source, De primo Saxonum adventu, summarises his status as follows:

Primus comitum post Eiricum, quem ultimum regem habuerunt Northymbrenses, Oswulf provincias omnes Northanhymbrorum sub Edrido rege procuravit.
First of the earls after Erik, the last king whom the Northumbrians had, Oswulf administered under King Eadred all the provinces of the Northumbrians.[14]

Similar sentiments were expressed in the related Historia Regum: "Here the kings of Northumbrians came to an end and henceforth the province was administered by earls".[15] Eadred's takeover and Oswulf's rule thus came to be remembered as the beginning of permanent West Saxon control of the North. Historian Alex Woolf argued that this take-over was a personal union of crowns rather like that between Scotland and England in 1603.[16]

Death and legacy

Little else is known about Oswulf's period in power. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says that in the time of Indulf (King of Scots from 954 to 962), Edinburgh was abandoned to the Scots, though nothing is said about the involvement of Northumbrians or Oswulf.[17]

The date of Oswulf's death is not known. He was probably dead before 963, as that is the date Oslac appears for the first time as ealdorman in York.[18] It is unclear whether Oslac was related to Oswulf.[19] According to the De primo Saxonum adventu, Northumbria was divided into two parts after Oswulf's death, part came under the control of Oslac, the other under the dominion of Eadwulf Evil-child.[20] '

Family

'De Northumbria post Britannos says that Oswulf had a son named Ealdred, father of Waltheof of Bamburgh (fl. 994), father of Uhtred of Northumbria.[21]

There was speculation in the nineteenth century suggesting that Oslac and Eadwulf Evil-child were Oswulf's sons. [22] Others have suggested that Oslac, Eadwulf, and Oswulf were probably related, admitting our ignorance about the precise detail. [23]

Notes
  1. Name variations: Osulf, Oswulf, Oswulf of Bamburgh, Oswulf of Bebbanburg, Oswulf of Bamburgh, Oswulf of Bebbanburg, Oswulf Eadwulfsson, Oswulf Ealdredsson, Oswulf I of Bamburgh
  2. McGuigan, ′Ælla and the descendants of Ivar′, pp. 24–25.
  3. ‘Ealdred (d. 933?)’, Benjamin T. Hudson, , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 8 April 2015
  4. Fletcher, Bloodfeud, p. 42; Rollason, Northumbria, p. 266; see also "Oswulf 14". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England.
  5. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, p. 235
  6. Seebohm, Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law, p. 363; North People's Law (Halsall)
  7. Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table XLV. For the charters see The Electronic Sawyer. They are S 520, 544, 550, 552a. Oswulf is also listed as an attester to S 546, but the authenticity of this charter is disputed. For the 'alliterative charters' see Keynes, 'Church Councils, Royal Assemblies and Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas', and Snook, The Anglo-Saxon Chancery.
  8. Costambeys, "Erik Bloodaxe"; Hudson, Viking Pirates, pp. 37—8
  9. Forte, Oram and Pedersen, Viking Empires, p. 117
  10. Rollason, Northumbria, pp. 65—6
  11. Costambeys, "Erik Bloodaxe"
  12. ASC D (etc), s.a. 954
  13. Fletcher, Bloodfeud, p. 41
  14. Arnold (ed.), Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia, vol. ii, p. 382; trans. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 77
  15. Quoted in Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 190
  16. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 190, 191
  17. Smyth, Warlords, p. 232
  18. Fletcher, Bloodfeud, p. 44; Rollason, Northumbria, pp. 266—7
  19. Fletcher, Bloodfeud, p. 44
  20. Arnold (ed.), Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia, vol. ii, p. 382
  21. McGuigan, ′Ælla and the descendants of Ivar′, pp. 25, 33.
  22. Armitage, Ella S (1885). The Connection Between England and Scotland. Rivingtons. p. 20.
  23. Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P; Kirby, D P (1997). A biographical dictionary of Dark Age Britain. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1852640477.

References
  • "The North People's Law", Medieval Sourcebook: The Anglo-Saxon Dooms, 560–975, Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies, retrieved 18 January 2009
  • Anderson, Alan Orr, ed. (1908), Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286 (1991 revised & corrected ed.), Stamford: Paul Watkins, ISBN 1-871615-45-3
  • Arnold, Thomas, ed. (1922), Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, or, Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages; vol. 75 (2 vols.), London: Longman
  • Costambeys, Marios; Harrison, B. (2004). "Erik Bloodaxe (Eiríkr Blóðöx, Eiríkr Haraldsson) (d. 954), viking leader and king of Northumbria". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49265. Retrieved 18 January 2009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Fletcher, Richard (2003), Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-028692-6
  • Kapelle, William E. (1979), The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation, 1000–1135, London: Croom Helm Ltd, ISBN 0-7099-0040-6
  • Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005), Viking Empires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82992-5
  • Keynes, Simon (2002). An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c.670-1066. Cambridge, UK: Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-9532697-6-1.
  • Keynes, Simon (2013). "Church Councils, Royal Assemblies and Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.). Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 17–182. ISBN 978-1-84383-877-7.
  • McGuigan, Neil (2015). "Ælla and the descendants of Ivar: politics and legend in the Viking Age". Northern History. 52 (1): 20–34. doi:10.1179/0078172X14Z.00000000075. S2CID 161252048. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  • Rollason, David (2003), Northumbria, 500—1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-04102-3
  • Seebohm, Frederic (1902), Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law : Being an Essay Supplemental to: (1) The English Village Community, (2) The Tribal System in Wales, London: Longmans, Green & Co.
  • Smyth, Alfred P. (1984), Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-0100-7
  • Snook, Ben (2015). The Anglo-Saxon Chancery: The History, Language and Production of Anglo-Saxon Charters from Alfred to Edgar. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-78327-006-4.
  • Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (1991), A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland and Wales, c.500—c.1050, London: Seaby, ISBN 1-85264-047-2
  • Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5
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