Dillenia indica
Dillenia indica, commonly known as elephant apple[2]: 171 or ou tenga,[3] is a species of Dillenia native to China, India, and tropical Asia.[3] It is found in stony river banks.[2]: 171
| Dillenia indica | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Leaves, fruits & buds in West Bengal, India | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Dilleniales |
| Family: | Dilleniaceae |
| Genus: | Dillenia |
| Species: | D. indica |
| Binomial name | |
| Dillenia indica | |
This species was one of the many first described by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1759.[4]
Description
It is an evergreen large shrub or small to medium-sized tree growing to 30 m tall, its trunk is crooked and irregular. The leaves are 15–36 cm long, with a conspicuously corrugated surface with impressed veins.[2]: 171 [5][6]
The flowers are large, 15–20 cm diameter with five white petals. They have two sets of stamens: outer straight stamens 13–15 mm long and inner bent yellow stamens 20–22 mm long.[2]: 171 [5][6]
Its fruits are large, round and greenish yellow consisting of 15 carpels together having a diameter of 5–12 cm. Each carpel has five seeds embedded in an edible but fibrous and glutinous pulp.[2]: 171 [5][6]
Flower of D. indica.
Ecology
The name elephant apple comes from the fact that it produces a large hard edible fruit[5] which is accessible only to the megaherbivores in the wild like elephants. A study in the Buxa Tiger Reserve by ecologists Sekar & Sukumar has shown that Asian elephants appear to have a particular fondness for the fruits of D. indica, and are hence an important seed disperser for this tree. With the prospect of extinction of the elephants this tree has developed a back-up system, whereby its hard fruits that were only accessible to megaherbivores, slowly soften on the forest floor through the dry season to allow access to successively smaller animals such as macaques, rodents and squirrels. Seeds from both old and soft fruits are able to germinate well, enabling the persistence of this tree to be independent of the survival of its major megaherbivore disperser.[7]
Uses
The fruit pulp is sour and used in Indian cuisine in curries, jam (ouu khatta), and jellies.[5]
Because it is a main source of food for elephants, monkeys and deer, collection of fruit from the core areas of the forest is prohibited. Commercial sale of the fruit is also prohibited, in an effort to help keep the food-chain system of the forest from dismantling totally.[8]
References
- Oldfield, S. (2020). "Dillenia indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61994577A61994579. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T61994577A61994579.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- Hoogland, R.G. (1972). "Dilleniaceae". Flora Malesiana. 4 (1): 141–174 – via Naturalis Institutional Repository.
- "Dillenia indica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis (in Latin). Vol. 2 (10th revised ed.). Holmiae: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 1082.
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- Flora of Pakistan: Dillenia indica
- Sekar, Nitin; Sukumar, Raman; Leishman, Michelle (2013). "Waiting for Gajah: an elephant mutualist's contingency plan for an endangered megafaunal disperser". Journal of Ecology. 101 (6): 1379–88. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12157.
- Sumanta Ray Chaudhuri (21 June 2007). "Elephants and villagers fight over pickle fruit". DNA.