Portunus trituberculatus

Portunus trituberculatus, also known as the gazami crab, Asian blue crab or horse crab, is the most widely fished species of crab in the world. It is found off the coasts of East Asia and is closely related to Portunus armatus.

Portunus trituberculatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Brachyura
Family: Portunidae
Genus: Portunus
Species:
P. trituberculatus
Binomial name
Portunus trituberculatus
(Miers, 1876)
Synonyms [1]

Neptunus trituberculatus Miers, 1876

Fishery

Portunus trituberculatus is the world's most heavily fished crab species, with over 300,000 tonnes being caught annually, 98% of it off the coast of China.[2] This is because it is considered highly nutritious, especially in regard to crab cream (roe).[3]

Distribution

Portunus trituberculatus is found off the coasts of Japan, Korea, China, and Taiwan.[4]

Description

The carapace may reach 15 centimetres (5.9 in) wide, and 7 cm (2.8 in) from front to back. P. trituberculatus may be distinguished from the closely related (and also widely fished) P. armatus by the number of broad teeth on the front of the carapace (three in P. trituberculatus, four in P. armatus) and on the inner margin of the merus (four in P. trituberculatus, three in P. armatus).[2]

Relationship to humans

Controversy

Due to the increased farming scale and breeding of Portunus trituberculatus, the farming environment of the gazami crab has greatly decayed. It has also diminished the gazami crab's immune system which has led to the decline in its ability to fight off diseases. This can be observed by looking at the tooth-paste disease along with the emulsification disease that is caused by vibrio. These two diseases have caused a great deal of damage to Portunus trituberculatus which has created severe economic losses and deprivation to the industry. These diseases have ultimately reduced the comfort and healthy evolution of the gazami crab's farming industry.[5]

Taxonomy

Portunus trituberculatus was first described by Edward J. Miers in 1876, under the name Neptunus trituberculatus.[1] To better understand the species development, evolution and reproduction a reference genome has been sequenced, assembling to 1.0 Gb in size and anchoring to 50 chromosomes.[6] And demonstrating it diverged from the Chinese mitten crab around 183.5 million years ago.

Virus research

In 2019 it was discovered that gazami crab populations in China are commonly infected with the Flavivirus Wenzhou shark flavivirus[7] which was previously identified in all tissues of the Pacific spadenose shark, Scoliodon macrorhynchos.[8] While currently unknown if Wenzhou shark flavivirus causes disease in infected shark hosts, this virus moves horizontally between gazami crabs and sharks in ocean ecosystems in a manner similar to other Flavivirus infections such as Dengue virus, which cycle horizontally between arthropod (mosquito) and vertebrate hosts.

References
  1. Peter Davie (2010). "Portunus (Portunus) trituberculatus (Miers, 1876)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  2. "FAO fisheries global information system". Retrieved August 2, 2006.
  3. Xiu-rong, Su; Tai-wu, Li; Ming-jin, Ding; Chien, Paul K. (1997-06-01). "Evalution [sic] on nutritive value of Portunus trituberculatus". Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 15 (2): 168–172. doi:10.1007/BF02850688. ISSN 1993-5005. S2CID 86409328.
  4. "Portunus trituberculatus". Crabs of Japan. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  5. Hao, Guijie (January 2016). "Biological Characteristics of Serum Agglutinin from Portunus trituberculatus". Agricultural Science & Technology. 17: 152–187.
  6. Tang, Boping; Zhang, Daizhen; Li, Haorong; Jiang, Senhao; Zhang, Huabin; Xuan, Fujun; Ge, Baoming; Wang, Zhengfei; Liu, Yu; Sha, Zhongli; Cheng, Yongxu (2020-01-01). "Chromosome-level genome assembly reveals the unique genome evolution of the swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)". GigaScience. 9 (1). doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz161. PMC 6944217. PMID 31904811.
  7. Parry R, Asgari S (2019). "Discovery of Novel Crustacean and Cephalopod Flaviviruses: Insights into the Evolution and Circulation of Flaviviruses between Marine Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts". J Virol. 93 (14). doi:10.1128/JVI.00432-19. PMC 6600200. PMID 31068424.
  8. Shi M, Lin XD, Chen X, Tian JH, Chen LJ, Li K; et al. (2018). "The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses". Nature. 556 (7700): 197–202. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0012-7. PMID 29618816. S2CID 256771319.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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