Demographics of Pakistan

Pakistan had a population of 241,492,197 or 241.49 Million according to the final results of the 2023 Census.[3][4][5] This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces e.g. Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan and Islamabad Capital Territory . AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan's census data is yet to be approved by CCI Council of Pakistan. Pakistan is the world's fifth most populous country.[6]

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Pakistan. For a general overview of the citizens of Pakistan, see Pakistanis.

Demographics of Pakistan
Population pyramid of Pakistan as of July 1, 2021
Population241,492,197 (2023 census)
Density260.8/km2 (675/sq mi)
248.9/km2 (645/sq mi) (including AJK and GB)
Growth rateIncrease 1.85% (2021 est.)[1]
Birth rate22.5 births / 1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate7.2 deaths / 1,000 population (2021 est.)[1]
Life expectancy69.1 years (2022 est.)[1]
 • male66.8 years (2022 est.)[1]
 • female71.6 years (2022 est.)[1]
Fertility rate3.47 children born / woman (2021 est.)[1]
Net migration rate−2.0 migrants / 1,000 population (2021 est.)[1]
Age structure
0–14 years40.3% (2017)[2]
15–64 years56.0% (2017)[2]
65 and over3.7% (2017)[2]
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Pakistani
Major ethnicSee Ethnic groups of Pakistan
Language
SpokenSee Languages of Pakistan

Between 1951 and 2017, Pakistan's population expanded over sixfold, going from 33.7 million to 207.7 million. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Between 1998 and 2017, the average annual population growth rate stood at +2.40%.

Dramatic social changes have led to urbanisation and the emergence of two megacities: Karachi and Lahore. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8 million to 75.7 million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of the lowest in the world, and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas.

Due to a high fertility rate, estimated at 3.5 in 2022, Pakistan has one of the world's youngest populations. The 2017 census recorded that 40.3% of the country's population was under the age of 15, while only 3.7% of Pakistanis were aged 65 or more.[2] The median age of the country was 19,[2] while its sex ratio was recorded to be 105 males per 100 females.[3]

The demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley civilisation to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from Eurasia and the nearby Middle East. Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. Despite Urdu being Pakistan's lingua franca, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85,[7][8] and in 2017, the country's three largest ethnolinguistic groups were the Punjabis (making up 38.8% of the total population), the Pashtuns (18.2%), and the Sindhis (14.6%).[9] Pakistan is also thought to have the world's fourth-largest refugee population, estimated at 1.4 million in mid-2021 by the UNHCR.[10]

Population
Main article: Census in Pakistan
Historical Population of Pakistan (four provinces and Islamabad)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1951 33,740,167—    
1961 42,880,378+2.43%
1972 65,309,340+3.90%
1981 84,253,644+2.87%
1998 132,352,279+2.69%
2017 207,684,626+2.40%
2023 241,492,917+2.55%
Source: [3][11]

The 2017 census recorded a population of 207,684,626 living in Pakistan's four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory.[3] The census also reported that Azad Kashmir's population stood at 4,045,367[4] and Gilgit-Baltistan's population was 1,492,924.[5] This meant that the total population of Pakistan in 2017 was 213,222,917.

The statistics in the graphs below were created by the United Nations in July 2022,[6] and are covered in more detail in the following section. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.For years, the country with a population exceeding 230 million has been grappling to achieve economic stability. The people of Pakistan are living in a precarious situation, with an uncertain future in the country.[12]

Population Density per square kilometre of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Population of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Estimates from the United Nations

In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. They prepared estimates of Pakistan's population for every year from 1950 to 2021, as well as projections for future decades.[6] This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Projections are highlighted in light yellow, and future figures are taken from the medium fertility variant.

Year Population % Population
aged 0 to 14		 % Population
aged 15 to 64		 % Population
aged 65 or more
1950 37,696,264 40.5% 54.0% 5.5%
1955 40.3% 55.3% 4.4%
1960 45,954,226 40.6% 55.6% 3.7%
1965 51,841,626 42.3% 54.4% 3.4%
1970 59,290,872 43.7% 53.0% 3.3%
1975 68,126,999 43.9% 52.8% 3.4%
1980 80,624,057 43.0% 53.5% 3.4%
1985 97,121,552 43.0% 53.5% 3.5%
1990 115,414,069 43.7% 52.8% 3.5%
1995 133,117,476 44.4% 52.1% 3.5%
2000 154,369,924 42.9% 53.6% 3.5%
2005 174,372,098 41.1% 55.4% 3.5%
2010 194,454,498 39.2% 57.0% 3.7%
2015 210,969,298 38.4% 57.7% 3.9%
2020 227,196,741 37.3% 58.6% 4.2%
2025 249,948,885 35.3% 60.2% 4.5%
2030 274,029,836 33.2% 61.9% 4.9%
2035 298,432,780 31.7% 63.1% 5.2%
2040 322,595,767 29.5% 64.8% 5.7%
2045 345,818,945 28.1% 65.8% 6.2%
2050 367,808,468 26.6% 66.5% 6.9%

Structure of population
Median Age of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

The table below shows Pakistan's population structure by five-year age group and sex using data from the 2017 census.[2] The country's population structure is relatively young, with a median age of 19. With low death rates and a declining birth rate, the country is in the third stage of its Demographic transition. In 2017, Pakistan's sex ratio stood at 105 males per 100 females,[3] which is much more balanced than South Asia as a whole.

The statistics below do not contain Azad Kashmir or Gilgit-Baltistan, which disseminate their census data separately from Pakistan's four provinces and Islamabad.

Age Group Male Female Total Sex ratio Percent
Total 106,318,22 101,344,632 207,684,626 104.9 100.0%
0 – 4 14,944,124 14,218,866 29,162,990 105.1 14.0%
5 – 9 15,642,725 14,383,593 30,026,318 108.8 14.5%
10 – 14 12,946,871 11,580,317 24,527,188 111.8 11.8%
15 – 19 11,095,138 10,269,213 21,366,618 108.0 10.3%
20 – 24 9,245,010 9,247,936 18,495,895 100.0 8.9%
25 – 29 7,936,382 8,461,628 16,401,132 93.8 7.9%
30 – 34 6,945,532 7,203,496 14,151,748 96.4 6.8%
35 – 39 6,088,144 5,958,164 12,048,811 102.2 5.8%
40 – 44 4,847,522 4,777,667 9,627,067 101.5 4.6%
45 – 49 4,060,698 3,869,277 7,931,616 104.9 3.8%
50 – 54 3,643,706 3,300,645 6,945,580 110.4 3.3%
55 – 59 2,647,127 2,326,991 4,974,986 113.8 2.4%
60 – 64 2,247,341 2,063,695 4,311,861 108.9 2.1%
65 – 69 1,557,733 1,393,718 2,952,013 111.8 1.4%
70 – 74 1,131,916 1,001,805 2,134,220 113.0 1.0%
75 or more 1,338,251 1,287,621 2,626,523 103.9 1.26%
Age Group Male Female Total Sex ratio Percent
0 – 14 43,533,720 40,182,776 83 716 496 108.3 40.3%
15 – 64 58,778,374 57,478,712 116,257,086 102.3 56.0%
65+ 4,027,900 3,683,144 7,711,044 109.4 3.7%

Population distribution

Pakistan's population is distributed unevenly, with over half of the country's people living in the Punjab province. On the other hand, Balochistan, which is geographically Pakistan's largest province, is its least-populated. The population is mainly clustered around the most agriculturally fertile areas, particularly the Indus River and its tributaries. Most of the country's people live in rural areas, but two large and growing megacities exist: the coastal Karachi and Lahore in eastern Punjab. Numerous smaller cities (such as Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and the capital Islamabad) dot the rest of the country.

By province

The table below shows Pakistan's provinces and territories by their historical population. While every one of Pakistan's administrative units currently has a growing population, the pace of growth is uneven throughout the country due to differing levels of fertility, mortality, as well as domestic and international migration. Populations pertaining to the modern borders of provinces are shown.

Province or Territory 1951[11] 1961[11] 1972[11] 1981[11] 1998[11] 2017[3]
 Punjab 20,540,762 25,463,974 37,607,423 47,292,441 73,691,290 109,989,655
 Sindh 6,047,748 8,367,065 14,155,909 19,028,666 30,439,893 47,854,510
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5,888,550 7,578,186 10,879,781 13,259,875 20,919,976 35,501,964
 Balochistan 1,167,167 1,353,484 2,428,678 4,332,376 6,565,885 12,335,129
 ICT — 117,669 237,549 340,286 805,235 2,003,368
Four Provinces and ICT 33,740,167 42,880,378 65,309,340 84,253,644 132,352,279 207,684,626
 Azad Kashmir[4] 886,000 1,065,000 1,573,000 1,983,465 2,972,501 4,045,367
 Gilgit-Baltistan[5] — — — — 884,000 1,492,924
Total Pakistan — — — — 136,208,780 213,222,917

Urbanization

The following table shows how Pakistan has urbanised. As is true with population growth, urbanisation is an uneven and nonlinear process. With an urbanisation rate of 51.9% as of 2017, Sindh is the country's most urbanised province, and is even more urban than Islamabad Capital Territory. This is largely fuelled by the growth of Karachi, which economically dominates the province and attracts migrants from the rest of the country. On the other hand, the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan both share very low urbanisation rates of 16.5%.

Province or Territory 1951[11] 1961[11] 1972[11] 1981[11] 1998[11] 2017[3]
 Punjab 17.3% 21.5% 24.4% 27.6% 31.3% 36.9%
 Sindh 29.2% 37.9% 40.4% 43.3% 48.8% 51.9%
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 8.6% 10.3% 11.1% 12.6% 14.3% 16.5%
 Balochistan 12.4% 16.9% 16.5% 15.6% 23.9% 27.6%
 ICT 0.0% 0.0% 32.3% 60.1% 65.7% 50.4%
Four Provinces and ICT 17.7% 22.5% 25.4% 28.3% 32.5% 36.4%
 Azad Kashmir[4] — — — 8.1% 12.5% 17.4%
 Gilgit-Baltistan[5] — — — — 16.8% 16.5%
 ICT 0.0% 0.0% 32.3% 60.1% 65.7% 50.4%

Largest cities
Main article: List of cities in Pakistan by population

As urbanisation has progressed and owing to the country's large population, Pakistan today has many very large urban centers which act as hubs for commerce and culture. The nation has two megacities, Karachi and Lahore. With populations of 14.9 million and 11.1 million respectively (in 2017), they are among the world's largest metropolises. The country also has seven more cities with more than 1 million residents each: Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Peshawar, Multan, Hyderabad, and Islamabad. All of them play a significant role in the country, housing nearly 14 million people altogether. Aside from these, there are 103 more cities in the country with populations of at least 100,000.

Below a list showing Pakistan's twenty largest cities as of the 2017 census can be found, which not only shows the current populations of the cities, but also their growth rates and locations. The full list can be found on the main article: List of cities in Pakistan by population.

All city population figures below include adjacent cantonments.

City Name Province or Territory 2017 Population[13] 1998 Population[11] Avg. Annual Growth Rate
Karachi  Sindh 14,884,402 9,339,023 Increase 2.48%
Lahore  Punjab 11,119,985 5,209,088 Increase 4.06%
Faisalabad  Punjab 3,210,158 2,008,861 Increase 2.49%
Rawalpindi  Punjab 2,097,824 1,409,768 Increase 2.11%
Gujranwala  Punjab 2,028,421 1,132,509 Increase 3.11%
Peshawar  KPK 1,969,823 982,816 Increase 3.72%
Multan  Punjab 1,872,641 1,197,384 Increase 2.38%
Hyderabad  Sindh 1,733,622 1,166,894 Increase 2.10%
Islamabad  ICT 1,009,003 529,180 Increase 3.45%
Quetta  Balochistan 999,385 565,137 Increase 3.04%
Bahawalpur  Punjab 762,774 408,395 Increase 3.34%
Sargodha  Punjab 658,208 458,440 Increase 1.92%
Sialkot  Punjab 656,730 421,502 Increase 2.36%
Sukkur  Sindh 500,401 335,551 Increase 2.12%
Larkana  Sindh 488,006 270,283 Increase 3.15%
Sheikhupura  Punjab 472,269 280,263 Increase 2.79%
Rahim Yar Khan  Punjab 420,963 233,537 Increase 3.14%
Jhang  Punjab 414,309 293,366 Increase 1.83%
Dera Ghazi Khan  Punjab 397,362 190,542 Increase 3.94%
Gujrat  Punjab 390,758 251,792 Increase 2.34%

Vital statistics

As Pakistan lacks a national vital statistics system that publicly disseminates data, all of the following information is made from estimates, which are constantly being revised. The United Nations estimated that in February 2021, only 42% of births in Pakistan were officially registered, making it the world's most populous country where more than half of births remained unregistered.[14] The United Nations was unable to estimate how many deaths were officially registered.[14]

Estimates based on surveys

Surveys taken by the Pakistani government or intergovernmental organisations are seen as the most reliable method of keeping tabs on birth, death, fertility, and infant mortality rates in a country without a reliable vital registration system. The data recorded in these surveys is used by the United Nations in order to estimate historical and future fertility and mortality figures for Pakistan in the World Population Prospects.[15]

Survey Crude birth rate Crude death rate Infant mortality rate Total fertility rate Life expectancy
Urban Rural Total Male Female
DHS 2006–07[16] 30.7 — 78 3.30 4.49 4.08 — —
PSLM 2007–08[17] — — 69 3.13 4.41 3.95 — —
PSLM 2011–12[18] — — 63 3.26 4.35 3.95 — —
DHS 2012–13[19] — — 74 3.16 4.20 3.84 — —
PSLM 2013–14[20] — — 65 3.24 4.35 3.95 — —
DHS 2017–18[21] 29 — 62 2.93 3.94 3.56 — —
PSLM 2018–19[22] — — 60 3.01 4.21 3.75 — —
PMMS 2019[23] — — — — — — 64.3 66.5
PDS 2020[24] 27 6.7 56 3.07 4.11 3.72 64.5 65.5

Regional fertility rates

Many of the surveys above also recorded fertility rate data broken down by each of Pakistan's administrative units, while many more surveys have been taken explicitly focusing on a specific province or territory. The fertility rate data recorded in these surveys is displayed in the table below.

Survey Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan ICT AJK G-B Pakistan
DHS 2006–07[16] 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.1 — — — 4.08
MICS Punjab 2011[25] 3.6 — — — — — — —
DHS 2012–13[19] 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.0 — 3.8 3.84
MICS Punjab 2014[26] 3.5 — — — — — — —
MICS Sindh 2014[27] — 4.0 — — — — — —
MICS KPK 2016–17[28] — — 4.0 — — — — —
MICS G-B 2016–17[29] — — — — — — 4.6 —
DHS 2017–18[21] 3.4 3.6 4.1 4.0 3.0 3.5 4.7 3.56
MICS Punjab 2017–18[30] 3.7 — — — — — — —
MICS Sindh 2018–19[31] — 3.7 — — — — — —
MICS KPK 2019[32] — — 4.0 — — — — —
MICS Balochistan 2019-20[33] — — — 4.0 — — — —
MICS AJK 2020–21[34] — — — — — 3.4 — —

The MICS surveys above also provide data on the district level, although they come with a far higher margin of error. This margin of error is lessened for larger districts from where larger sample sizes were utilised. In the chart below, the latest fertility rate data for each Pakistani district with a population of over 2 million as of the 2017 census can be found. Although the table is originally ranked by district population size, clicking the headers will allow the reader to sort the table.

District Province Total fertility rate Margin of error Year of survey 2017 Population
Lahore  Punjab 3.1 ±0.2 2017–18[30] 11,119,985
Faisalabad  Punjab 3.3 ±0.2 2017–18[30] 7,882,444
Rawalpindi  Punjab 3.2 ±0.2 2017–18[30] 5,402,380
Gujranwala  Punjab 3.4 ±0.2 2017–18[30] 5,011,066
Rahim Yar Khan  Punjab 4.6 ±0.4 2017–18[30] 4,807,762
Multan  Punjab 3.6 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 4,746,166
Peshawar  KPK 4.0 ±0.5 2019[32] 4,331,959
Muzaffargarh  Punjab 4.7 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 4,328,549
Karachi West  Sindh 2.2 ±0.3 2018–19[31] 3,907,065
Sialkot  Punjab 3.5 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 3,894,938
Sargodha  Punjab 3.6 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 3,696,212
Bahawalpur  Punjab 3.9 ±0.4 2017–18[30] 3,669,176
Sheikhupura  Punjab 3.7 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 3,460,004
Qasur  Punjab 4.3 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 3,454,881
Okara  Punjab 4.3 ±0.4 2017–18[30] 3,040,826
Bahawalnagar  Punjab 3.7 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 2,975,656
Karachi Central  Sindh 2.2 ±0.3 2018–19[31] 2,971,382
Khanewal  Punjab 4.0 ±0.4 2017–18[30] 2,920,233
Vehari  Punjab 3.8 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 2,902,081
Karachi East  Sindh 3.2 ±0.4 2018–19[31] 2,875,315
Dera Ghazi Khan  Punjab 5.4 ±0.5 2017–18[30] 2,872,631
Gujrat  Punjab 3.1 ±0.2 2017–18[30] 2,756,289
Jhang  Punjab 4.3 ±0.4 2017–18[30] 2,742,633
Korangi  Sindh 2.5 ±0.3 2018–19[31] 2,577,556
Sahiwal  Punjab 3.6 ±0.4 2017–18[30] 2,513,011
Khairpur  Sindh 4.8 ±0.8 2018–19[31] 2,405,190
Mardan  KPK 4.0 ±0.3 2019[32] 2,373,399
Swat  KPK 4.5 ±0.5 2019[32] 2,308,624
Quetta  Balochistan 4.7 ±0.3 2019-20[33] 2,269,473
Hyderabad  Sindh 3.0 ±0.4 2018–19[31] 2,199,928
Toba Tek Singh  Punjab 3.5 ±0.3 2017–18[30] 2,191,495
Sanghar  Sindh 4.2 ±0.4 2018–19[31] 2,049,873
Islamabad  ICT 3.0 ±0.3 2017–18[21] 2,003,368

Estimates from the United Nations

In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. They prepared the following estimates of demographic indicators in Pakistan for every year from 1950 to 2021, as well as projections for future decades.[6] This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Year Mid-year
population		 Annual
live births		 Annual
deaths		 Annual
natural
increase		 CBR CDR RNC IMR TFR Life expectancy
Male Female
1950 37,696,264 1,647,739 1,173,219 474,520 43.7 31.1 12.6 263.4 6.80 36.2 33.4
1951 38,215,785 1,686,378 1,121,858 564,520 44.1 29.4 14.8 252.9 6.80 37.5 34.6
1952 38,816,777 1,727,288 1,089,817 637,471 44.5 28.1 16.4 243.3 6.80 38.6 35.8
1953 39,488,228 1,768,524 1,063,098 705,426 44.8 26.9 17.9 234.1 6.80 39.8 36.9
1954 40,224,090 1,810,574 1,044,277 766,297 45.0 26.0 19.0 225.6 6.80 40.7 37.9
1955 41,023,128 1,853,944 1,022,153 831,791 45.2 24.9 20.3 217.4 6.80 41.8 39.0
1956 41,884,995 1,900,510 1,008,574 891,936 45.4 24.1 21.3 209.6 6.80 42.7 39.8
1957 42,808,511 1,948,801 993,703 955,098 45.5 23.2 22.3 202.2 6.80 43.7 40.7
1958 43,794,993 1,999,584 981,704 1,017,880 45.6 22.4 23.2 195.2 6.80 44.6 41.6
1959 44,843,639 2,049,555 970,149 1,079,406 45.7 21.6 24.1 188.7 6.80 45.5 42.5
1960 45,954,226 2,102,786 961,020 1,141,766 45.7 20.9 24.8 182.6 6.80 46.3 43.4
1961 47,060,915 2,157,005 951,411 1,205,594 45.8 20.2 25.6 176.7 6.80 47.2 44.2
1962 48,161,841 2,201,790 939,942 1,261,848 45.6 19.5 26.2 171.2 6.80 48.0 45.0
1963 49,325,050 2,247,761 922,383 1,325,378 45.5 18.7 26.8 166.0 6.80 48.8 46.3
1964 50,552,592 2,293,167 907,551 1,385,616 45.3 17.9 27.4 161.2 6.80 49.7 47.4
1965 51,841,626 2,340,733 897,333 1,443,400 45.1 17.3 27.8 157.5 6.80 50.3 48.5
1966 53,199,414 2,388,085 869,523 1,518,562 44.8 16.3 28.5 153.2 6.80 51.6 50.0
1967 54,629,793 2,438,389 854,112 1,584,277 44.6 15.6 29.0 149.9 6.80 52.6 51.2
1968 56,124,743 2,483,692 840,624 1,643,068 44.2 15.0 29.2 147.0 6.80 53.5 52.3
1969 57,676,805 2,524,648 831,202 1,693,446 43.7 14.4 29.3 144.5 6.80 54.2 53.3
1970 59,290,872 2,584,996 818,806 1,766,190 43.5 13.8 29.8 142.1 6.80 55.0 54.6
1971 60,878,781 2,648,206 985,142 1,663,064 43.4 16.2 27.3 145.5 6.80 49.0 52.2
1972 62,509,565 2,712,779 838,978 1,873,801 43.3 13.4 29.9 137.9 6.81 55.4 55.1
1973 64,285,624 2,785,335 852,459 1,932,876 43.3 13.2 30.0 136.0 6.81 55.5 55.5
1974 66,149,169 2,853,960 874,080 1,979,880 43.1 13.2 29.9 134.3 6.81 55.4 55.6
1975 68,126,999 2,931,237 882,423 2,048,814 43.0 13.0 30.1 132.5 6.81 55.8 56.2
1976 70,230,923 3,015,342 900,018 2,115,324 42.9 12.8 30.1 131.0 6.81 55.9 56.5
1977 72,451,105 3,116,181 922,294 2,193,887 43.0 12.7 30.3 129.6 6.80 55.8 56.9
1978 74,789,330 3,223,019 934,553 2,288,466 43.1 12.5 30.6 128.1 6.78 56.3 57.4
1979 77,407,341 3,337,688 950,235 2,387,453 43.2 12.3 30.9 126.6 6.76 56.5 58.1
1980 80,624,057 3,487,787 970,044 2,517,743 43.5 12.1 31.4 125.1 6.73 56.8 58.6
1981 84,270,202 3,700,274 1,001,060 2,699,214 44.2 11.9 32.2 123.6 6.70 57.1 59.3
1982 87,828,198 3,903,191 1,035,663 2,867,528 44.6 11.8 32.7 122.1 6.67 57.4 59.8
1983 91,080,372 4,067,866 1,057,064 3,010,802 44.7 11.6 33.1 120.5 6.64 57.7 60.5
1984 94,003,867 4,188,905 1,075,240 3,113,665 44.5 11.4 33.1 118.8 6.62 58.0 61.0
1985 97,121,552 4,291,612 1,100,992 3,190,620 44.2 11.4 32.9 117.0 6.59 58.5 60.4
1986 100,618,523 4,453,073 1,131,849 3,321,224 44.3 11.3 33.0 115.2 6.55 58.8 60.3
1987 104,251,093 4,602,418 1,185,062 3,417,356 44.2 11.4 32.8 113.3 6.52 58.5 59.8
1988 107,967,838 4,749,506 1,208,574 3,540,932 44.0 11.2 32.8 111.5 6.48 58.5 60.4
1989 111,670,386 4,877,528 1,229,672 3,647,856 43.7 11.0 32.7 109.6 6.43 58.7 60.7
1990 115,414,069 4,979,805 1,238,482 3,741,323 43.1 10.7 32.4 107.8 6.36 59.0 61.4
1991 119,203,569 5,070,548 1,256,930 3,813,618 42.5 10.5 32.0 105.9 6.29 59.4 61.3
1992 122,375,179 5,146,942 1,290,628 3,856,314 41.8 10.5 31.3 103.9 6.21 59.6 60.7
1993 125,546,615 5,116,844 1,309,418 3,807,426 40.8 10.4 30.3 101.7 6.11 59.6 60.4
1994 129,245,139 5,188,381 1,321,834 3,866,547 40.1 10.2 29.9 99.5 6.01 59.7 60.6
1995 133,117,476 5,214,150 1,355,586 3,858,564 39.2 10.2 29.0 97.2 5.89 59.5 60.4
1996 137,234,810 5,283,367 1,351,457 3,931,910 38.5 9.9 28.7 94.7 5.77 59.9 61.1
1997 141,330,267 5,323,160 1,363,688 3,959,472 37.7 9.7 28.0 92.3 5.64 59.9 61.5
1998 145,476,106 5,391,873 1,360,060 4,031,813 37.1 9.4 27.7 89.9 5.51 60.2 62.1
1999 149,694,462 5,457,820 1,350,165 4,107,655 36.5 9.0 27.5 87.5 5.39 60.8 62.8
2000 154,369,924 5,503,880 1,349,760 4,154,120 35.8 8.8 27.0 85.3 5.26 61.2 63.1
2001 159,217,727 5,621,718 1,365,265 4,256,453 35.3 8.6 26.8 83.3 5.12 61.4 63.6
2002 163,262,807 5,707,878 1,383,913 4,323,965 34.9 8.5 26.4 81.5 5.01 61.7 63.7
2003 166,876,680 5,705,869 1,389,323 4,316,546 34.1 8.3 25.8 79.8 4.88 61.9 64.0
2004 170,648,620 5,728,041 1,397,637 4,330,404 33.5 8.2 25.3 78.4 4.75 61.9 64.4
2005 174,372,098 5,741,665 1,467,794 4,273,871 32.9 8.4 24.5 77.9 4.64 61.2 64.0
2006 178,069,984 5,780,328 1,397,071 4,383,257 32.4 7.8 24.6 75.7 4.53 62.1 65.7
2007 181,924,521 5,939,254 1,421,100 4,518,154 32.6 7.8 24.8 74.5 4.51 61.9 66.1
2008 185,931,955 6,026,112 1,440,035 4,586,077 32.4 7.7 24.6 73.1 4.43 61.9 66.5
2009 190,123,222 6,126,953 1,466,094 4,660,859 32.2 7.7 24.5 71.8 4.36 62.1 66.5
2010 194,454,498 6,251,649 1,479,575 4,772,074 32.1 7.6 24.5 70.5 4.30 62.3 66.9
2011 198,602,738 6,344,791 1,497,860 4,846,931 31.9 7.5 24.3 68.8 4.23 62.5 67.1
2012 202,205,861 6,416,601 1,518,663 4,897,938 31.6 7.5 24.1 67.1 4.17 62.7 67.2
2013 205,337,562 6,432,644 1,512,911 4,919,733 31.2 7.3 23.8 65.5 4.11 63.0 67.6
2014 208,251,628 6,374,716 1,522,217 4,852,499 30.5 7.3 23.2 63.8 4.01 63.1 67.7
2015 210,969,298 6,297,466 1,504,820 4,792,646 29.7 7.1 22.6 62.1 3.90 63.5 68.2
2016 213,524,840 6,291,208 1,510,500 4,780,708 29.3 7.0 22.3 60.4 3.83 63.7 68.3
2017 216,379,655 6,289,965 1,496,276 4,793,689 29.0 6.9 22.1 58.8 3.76 64.0 68.8
2018 219,731,479 6,302,081 1,508,129 4,793,952 28.6 6.8 21.8 57.1 3.69 64.2 69.0
2019 223,293,280 6,330,933 1,514,600 4,816,333 28.3 6.8 21.5 55.5 3.62 64.6 69.1
2020 227,196,741 6,362,705 1,606,293 4,756,412 28.0 7.1 20.9 53.9 3.56 63.9 68.8
2021 231,402,117 6,374,741 1,660,400 4,714,341 27.5 7.2 20.4 52.3 3.47 63.8 68.6
Life expectancy in Pakistan since 1921
Life expectancy in Pakistan since 1960 by gender

Human development

Human Development Index
Further information: List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index

Pakistan's Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2018 is in the medium human development category with a score of 0.560 (152nd rank out of 189 countries and territories) compared to 0.614 (135th rank) for Bangladesh and 0.647 (129th rank) for India. From 1990 to 2018, Pakistan's HDI increased 38.6% from 0.404 to 0.560.[35][36]

2018 Information on Pakistani provinces/regions, compared to other countries, estimated at three decimal places is provided below:[37]

Rank Region HDI (2018)[37]
Medium human development
1 Islamabad Capital Territory 0.875 Decrease
2 Azad Jammu & Kashmir 0.611 Decrease
3 Gilgit-Baltistan 0.593 Increase
4 Punjab 0.567 Increase
–  Pakistan (average) 0.561 Increase
Low human development
5 Sindh 0.533 Decrease
6 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 0.529 Decrease
7 Balochistan 0.477 Increase
8 FATA 0.466 Decrease

Literacy

definition: aged 10 and over with the "Ability to read and understand simple text in any language from a newspaper or magazine, write a simple letter and perform basic mathematical calculation (ie, counting and addition/subtraction)." as of 2018[38]

  • Total population: 62.3%
  • Male: 72.5%
  • Female: 51.8%

Educational institutions by kind

[40]

Nationality, ethnicity, and language

Ethnic groups
Main article: Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Ethnic groups in Pakistan (World Factbook)[41]

  Punjabis (44.7%)
  Pashtuns (18.24%)
  Sindhis (14.1%)
  Saraikis (8.4%)
  Muhajirs (7.6%)
  Balochis (3.6%)
  Others (6.3%)

The major ethnolinguistic groups of Pakistan include Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochs, Paharis[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] and Brahuis,[42][lower-alpha 3] with significant numbers of Kashmiris, Chitralis, Shina, Baltis, Kohistanis, Torwalis, Hazaras, Burusho, Wakhis, Kalash, Siddis and other various minorities.[43][44]

Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million citizens of Afghanistan who are temporarily residing in Pakistan.[45][46][47] Majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks and others.[48]

Foreign-born population in Pakistan
Main article: Immigration to Pakistan

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan and they are the largest group of foreign-born residents. This group is dwindling because of its age. The second-largest group of foreign-born residents consists of refugees from Afghanistan who are expected to leave Pakistan by the end of 2018.[49] There are also smaller groups of Muslim immigrants from countries such as Burma, Bangladesh, Iraq, Somalia, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, among others.

YearPopulationForeign bornPercentage foreign born
196046,259,0006,350,29613.73%
197059,565,0005,105,5568.57%
198079,297,0005,012,5246.32%
1990111,698,0006,555,7825.87%
2000142,648,0004,242,6892.97%
2005157,935,0003,254,1122.06%
Source:[50] Mostly those born before 1947

Languages
Main article: Languages of Pakistan

Languages of Pakistan (2017)[51]

  Punjabi (38.78%)
  Pashto (18.24%)
  Sindhi (14.57%)
  Saraiki (12.19%)
  Urdu (7.08%)
  Balochi (3.02%)
  Hindko (2.24%)
  Brahui (1.24%)
  Kashmiri (0.17%)
  Others (2.47%)
Census history of major languages
Rank Language 2017 census 1998 census 1981 census 1961 census 1951 census
1 Punjabi* 38.78% 44.15% 48.17% 56.39% 57.08%
2 Pashto 18.24% 14.42% 13.35% 8.47% 8.16%
3 Sindhi 14.57% 14.1% 12.7% 12.59% 12.85%
4 Saraiki* 12.19% 10.53% 9.54%
5 Urdu 7.08% 7.57% 7.60% 7.57% 7.05%
6 Balochi 3.02% 3.57% 3.02% 2.49% 3.04%
7 Others 6.12% 4.66% 5.62% 12.49% 11.82%

Pakistan is a multilingual country with dozens of languages spoken as first languages.[52][53] The majority Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.[54][55]

Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups.[52][53] Numerous regional languages are spoken as first languages by Pakistan's various ethnolinguistic groups. Languages with more than a million speakers each include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, Balochi, Hindko, Pahari-Pothwari[lower-alpha 2] and Brahui.[9]

Ethnologue lists 74 languages in Pakistan. Of these, 66 are indigenous and 8 are non-indigenous. In terms of their vitality, 7 are classified as 'institutional', 17 are 'developing', 37 are 'vigorous', 10 are 'in trouble', and 3 are 'dying'.[56]

Urdu (national language)
The proportion of people with Urdu as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Urdu (اردو) is the national language (قومی زبان) and lingua franca of Pakistan.[57] Although only about 7% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is widely spoken and understood as a second language by the vast majority of Pakistanis.[58][59]

No region in Pakistan uses Urdu as its mother tongue, though it is spoken as the first language of Muslim migrants (known as Muhajirs) in Pakistan who left India after independence in 1947.[60] Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new state of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest British India.[61] It is written, spoken and used in all provinces/territories of Pakistan, and together with English as the main languages of instruction,[62] although the people from differing provinces may have different native languages.[63]

Urdu is taught as a compulsory subject up to higher secondary school in both English and Urdu medium school systems, which has produced millions of second-language Urdu speakers among people whose native language is one of the other languages of Pakistan – which in turn has led to the absorption of vocabulary from various regional Pakistani languages,[64] while some Urdu vocabularies has also been assimilated by Pakistan's regional languages.[65][66]

Punjabi
The proportion of people with Punjabi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Punjabi (پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. It is spoken as a first language by almost 39% of Pakistanis.[67] It is the 11th most widely spoken language in India, and the third most-spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone.[68]

Pashto
The proportion of people with Pashto as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Pashto (پښتو) is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by more than 18% of Pakistanis, mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in northern Balochistan as well as in ethnic Pashtun communities in the cities of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, and most notably Karachi,[69][70][71][72] which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world.[73]

There are three major dialect patterns within which the various individual dialects may be classified; these are Pakhto, which is the Northern (Peshawar) variety, and the softer Pashto spoken in the southern areas such as in Quetta.

Sindhi
The proportion of people with Sindhi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Sindhi (سنڌي) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken as a first language by almost 15% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The name "Sindhi" is derived from Sindhu, the original name of the Indus River.[74]

Like other languages of this family, Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha) stages of growth. 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.[75] It entered the New Indo-Aryan stage around the 10th century CE.[76][77]

Saraiki
The proportion of people with Saraiki as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Saraiki (سرائیکی) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken in central and southeastern Pakistan, primarily in the southern part of the province of Punjab. Saraiki is to a high degree mutually intelligible with Standard Punjabi[78][79] and shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology. At the same time in its phonology it is radically different[80] (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south.[78]

Saraiki is the language of about 26 million people in Pakistan, ranging across southern Punjab, southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and border regions of northern Sindh and eastern Balochistan.[81]

Balochi
The proportion of people with Balochi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Balochi (بلوچی) is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by about 3% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Balochistan province. Rakshani is the major dialect group in terms of numbers. Sarhaddi is a sub-dialect of Rakshani. Other sub-dialects are Kalati (Qalati), Chagai-Kharani and Panjguri. Eastern Hill Balochi or Northern Balochi is very different from the rest.

Hindko
The proportion of people with Hindko as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Hindko (ہندکو) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. Hindko is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki,[82] and has more affinities with the latter than with the former.[83] Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax.[84] The word Hindko, commonly used to refer to a number of Indo-Aryan dialects spoken in the neighbourhood of Pashto, likely originally meant "the Indian language" (in contrast to Pashto).[85] An alternative local name for this language group is Hindki.[86][lower-alpha 4]

Brahui
The proportion of people with Brahui as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Brahui (براھوی) is a sub language of Balochi which some academic believe has remnants of Dravidian language which is spoken in the central part of Balochistan province. Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan, mainly in Kalat, Khuzdar and Mastung districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighbouring districts, as well as in Afghanistan which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group no longer speak Brahui.[87]

Minor languages
Map showing some of the minor languages in Pakistan as of 1998.

Other languages spoken by linguistic minorities include the languages listed below, with speakers ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. A few are highly endangered languages that may soon have no speakers at all.[88] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[89]

  • Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)"
  • Definitely endangered – "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
  • Severely endangered – "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
  • Critically endangered – "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
  • Extinct – "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"

The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of the aforementioned publication, both published by UNESCO.[90]

Language Status Comments ISO 639–3
Balti language Vulnerable[89] Also spoken in: India bft
Bashkarik language Definitely endangered[89]   gwc, xka
Badeshi language Critically endangered[89]   bdz
Bateri language Definitely endangered[89]   btv
Bhadravahi language Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: India bhd
Brahui language Vulnerable[89] Also spoken in: Afghanistan brh
Burushaski language Vulnerable[89]   bsk
Chilisso language Severely endangered[89]   clh
Dameli language Severely endangered[89]   dml
Domaaki language Severely endangered[89]   dmk
Gawar-Bati language Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: Afghanistan gwt
Gowro language Severely endangered[89]   gwf
Jad language Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: India jda
Kalasha language Severely endangered[89]  Not to be confused with Kalasha-ala language kls
Kalkoti language Severely endangered[89]    
Kamkata-vari language, Kata-vari dialect, Kamviri dialect Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: Afghanistan bsh, xvi
Khowar language Vulnerable[89]   khw
Kundal Shahi language Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: India  
Maiya language Vulnerable[89]   mvy
Ormuri language Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: Afghanistan oru
Phalura language Definitely endangered[89]   phl
Purik language Vulnerable[89] Also spoken in: India prx
Savi language Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: Afghanistan sdg
Spiti language Vulnerable[89] Also spoken in: India spt
Torwali language Definitely endangered[89]   trw
Ushojo language Definitely endangered[89]   ush
Wakhi language Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: China, Tajikistan, Afghanistan wbl
Yidgha language Definitely endangered[89]   ydg
Zangskari language Definitely endangered[89] Also spoken in: India zau

Religion
Main article: Religion in Pakistan

Religion in Pakistan (2017)[91]

  Sunni Islam (80%)
  Shia Islam (20%)
  Hinduism (2.1%)
  Christianity (1.3%)
  Other religions (0.6%)

According to the World Factbook, Library of Congress, Oxford University, over 96% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim and the remaining 4% is Hindu, Christian, and others.[92][93][94] Majority of the Muslims practice Sunni with a significant minority of Shi'as.

Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school, although there are some Hanbalis and Ahl-e-Hadees. The majority of Shia Muslims belong to the Ithnā'Ashariyyah branch,[92] while a smaller number practice Ismailism. There are small non-Muslim religious groups, including Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Baháʼís and Zoroastrians (Parsis),[95]

The religious breakdown of the Pakistani population as of Pakistan Census 2017 is as follows:

Recent changes and detailed demographic data

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021.[96] 96.47% are Muslims, followed by 2.14% Hindus, 1.27% Christians, 0.09% Ahmadis and 0.02% others.

The 2017 census showed marginal increase in the share of Hindus.The census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District.

On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. Christians are concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab.

The Ahmadiyya movement shrunk in size (both raw numbers and percentage) between 1998 and 2017, while remaining concentrated in Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population is Ahmadiyya.

Here are some maps of Pakistan's religious minority groups as of the 2017 census by district:
Hindu Proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Ahmadiyya Proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Christian Proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Virtually all people not belonging to one of these minority groups were Sunni or Shia Muslim, with the most religiously homogeneous areas found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Pakistanis around the world
Main article: Overseas Pakistanis
 Saudi Arabia4,000,000
 United Arab Emirates1,600,000
 United Kingdom1,200,000
 United States600,410[97]
 Canada215,000[98]
 Kuwait190,000
 South Africa180,000[99]
 Oman385,000
 Australia61,913[100]
 Germany179,668
 Qatar52,500
 France50,000
 Norway39,257[101]
 Denmark21,000
 New Zealand10,000
 Ireland9,501
 Japan22,118[102]

See also

Notes
  1. Major ethnolonguistic group in Azad Kashmir.
  2. Lack of exact numbers of speakers of the language due to the language not being represented in the previous censuses. Upcoming 2022 Census of Pakistan will include Pahari-Pothwari as an option. Baart (2003, p. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. Note that the Pothwari speakers of the Pothohar Northern Punjab are ethnic Punjabis.
  3. Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than a million each.[9]
  4. The term Hindki normally refers to a Hindko speaker and Shackle (1980, p. 482) reports that in Pashto the term has slightly pejorative connotations, which are avoided with the recently introduced term Hindkūn.

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