Paleoconservatism
Paleoconservatism is a political philosophy and strain of conservatism in the United States stressing American nationalism, Christian ethics, regionalism, and traditionalist conservatism. Paleoconservatism's concerns overlap with those of the Old Right that opposed the New Deal in the 1930s and 1940s[1] as well as with paleolibertarianism[2][3] and right-wing populism.[4]
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The terms neoconservative and paleoconservative were coined following the outbreak of the Vietnam War and a divide in American conservatism between the interventionists and the isolationists. Those in favor of the Vietnam War then became known as the neoconservatives (interventionists), as they marked a decisive split from the nationalist-isolationism that the traditionalist conservatives (isolationists) had subscribed to up until this point.[5][6][7]
According to international relations scholar Michael Foley, "paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programs and large-scale demographic change, the decentralization of federal policy, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and non-interventionism in the conduct of American foreign policy".[8]
Historian George Hawley states that although influenced by paleoconservatism, Donald Trump is not a paleoconservative, but rather a right-wing nationalist and populist.[9] Hawley also argued in 2017 that paleoconservatism was an exhausted force in American politics,[10] but that for a time it represented the most serious right-wing threat to the mainstream conservative movement.[10] Regardless of how Trump himself is categorized, others regard the movement known as Trumpism as supported by,[11] if not a rebranding of, paleoconservatism. From this view, the followers of the old right did not fade away so easily and continue to have significant influence in the Republican Party and the entire country.[12]
Terminology
The prefix paleo derives from the Greek root παλαιός (palaiós), meaning "ancient" or "old". It is somewhat tongue-in-cheek and refers to the paleoconservatives' claim to represent a more historic, authentic conservative tradition than that found in neoconservatism. Adherents of paleoconservatism often describe themselves simply as "paleo". Rich Lowry of National Review claims the prefix "is designed to obscure the fact that it is a recent ideological creation of post-Cold War politics".[13]
Samuel T. Francis, Thomas Fleming, and some other paleoconservatives de-emphasized the conservative part of the paleoconservative label, saying that they do not want the status quo preserved.[14][15] Fleming and Paul Gottfried called such thinking "stupid tenacity" and described it as "a series of trenches dug in defense of last year's revolution".[16] Francis defined authentic conservatism as "the survival and enhancement of a particular people and its institutionalized cultural expressions".[17][18]
Ideology
Paleoconservatives support restrictions on immigration, decentralization, trade tariffs and protectionism, economic nationalism, isolationism, and a return to traditional conservative ideals relating to gender, race, sexuality, culture, and society.[19]
Paleoconservatism differs from neoconservatism in opposing free trade and promoting republicanism. Paleoconservatives see neoconservatives as imperialists and themselves as defenders of the republic.[20][21]
Paleoconservatives tend to oppose abortion, gay marriage, and LGBTQ rights.[19][22]
Human nature, tradition, and reason
Paleoconservatives believe that tradition is a form of reason, rather than a competing force. Mel Bradford wrote that certain questions are settled before any serious deliberation concerning a preferred course of conduct may begin. This ethic is based in a "culture of families, linked by friendship, common enemies, and common projects",[23] so a good conservative keeps "a clear sense of what Southern grandmothers have always meant in admonishing children, 'we don't do that'".[24]
Pat Buchanan argues that a good politician must "defend the moral order rooted in the old and New Testament and Natural Law"—and that "the deepest problems in our society are not economic or political, but moral".[25]
Southern traditionalism
According to historian Paul V. Murphy, paleoconservatives developed a focus on localism and states' rights. From the mid-1980s onward, Chronicles promoted a Southern traditionalist worldview focused on national identity, regional particularity, and skepticism of abstract theory and centralized power.[26] According to Hague, Beirich, and Sebesta (2009), the antimodernism of the paleoconservative movement defined the neo-Confederate movement of the 1980s and 1990s. During this time, notable paleoconservatives argued that desegregation, welfare, tolerance of gay rights, and church-state separation had been damaging to local communities, and that these issues had been imposed by federal legislation and think tanks. Paleoconservatives also claimed the Southern Agrarians as forebears in this regard.[27]
Influence on the alt-right
The alt-right movement emerged from the younger generation of paleoconservatives. The movement was founded in 2008 by noted neo-Nazi, former paleoconservative, and American white nationalist Richard B. Spencer, who launched Alternative Right to disseminate his ideas after working as an editor for several paleoconservative outlets.[28] The alt-right was influenced by paleoconservatism, the Dark Enlightenment, and the Nouvelle Droite.
Notable people
Philosophers and scholars
- Mel Bradford (1934–1993)[29]
- Paul Gottfried (born 1941)[30]
- E. Christian Kopff (born 1946)[31]
- William S. Lind (born 1947)[32]
- Clyde N. Wilson (born 1941)[33]
Commentators and columnists
- Pat Buchanan (born 1938), White House Communications Director (1985–1987), 1992 and 1996 Republican presidential candidate, 2000 Reform Party presidential nominee[34]
- Peter Brimelow (born 1947)[35]
- Tucker Carlson (born 1969)[36]
- John Derbyshire (born 1945)[37][38]
- Nick Fuentes (born 1998)[39]
- Thomas Fleming (born 1945)[40]
- Samuel T. Francis (1947–2005)[41]
- Alex Jones (born 1974)[42]
- Razib Khan (born 1977)[43]
- Robert Novak (1931–2009)[44]
- Steve Sailer (born 1958)[45]
- Joseph Sobran (1946–2010)[46]
- Taki Theodoracopulos (born 1936)[47]
Notable organizations and outlets
Organizations
Periodicals and websites
See also
- Alt-right
- Alt-lite
- American nationalism
- Anti-globalization movement
- Criticism of multiculturalism
- Cultural conservatism
- Fusionism
- Liberal conservatism
- Libertarian conservatism
- National conservatism
- National liberalism
- Neoconservatism
- Old Left
- Old Right (United States)
- Paleolibertarianism
- Radical right (United States)
- Reactionary
- Right-libertarianism
- Right-wing populism
- Social conservatism in the United States
- Traditionalist conservatism in the United States
- Groypers or "neo-paleoconservatism"
References
- Raimondo 1993.
- Rockwell, Lew. "The Case for Paleo-libertarianism" (PDF). Liberty (January 1990): 34–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- De Coster, Karen (December 2, 2003). "Paleolibertarianism". LewRockwell.com. Archived September 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- Mudde, Cas (August 28, 2015). "The Trump phenomenon and the European populist radical right". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- Gottfried 1993.
- Gottfried 2006.
- Scotchie 2017.
- Foley 2007, p. 318.
- Hawley 2017, p. 129.
- Hawley 2017, p. 29.
- Drolet, Jean-Francois; Williams, Michael (2019). "The view from MARS: US paleoconservatism and ideological challenges to the liberal world order". International Journal. 74 (1): 18. doi:10.1177/0020702019834716. S2CID 151239862.
- Morris, Edwin Kent (December 24, 2018). "Inversion, Paradox, and Liberal Disintegration: Towards a Conceptual Framework of Trumpism". New Political Science. 41 (1): 21. doi:10.1080/07393148.2018.1558037. S2CID 149978398.
- Lowry, Richard (2005). "Reaganism v. Neo-Reaganism". The National Interest. No. 79. Center for the National Interest. pp. 35–41. ISSN 1938-1573. JSTOR 42897547. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- Francis 1994.
- Foer, Franklin (July 22, 2002). "Home Bound". The New Republic. Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- Gottfried & Fleming 1988, p. xv.
- Francis, Samuel (July 1992). "The Buchanan Revolution" (PDF). Chronicles. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2018 – via SamFrancis.net.
- Francis, Samuel (March 2004). "(Con)fusion on the Right". Chronicles. Archived from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- Matthews, Dillon (April 18, 2016). "The alt-right is more than warmed-over white supremacy. It's that, but way way weirder". Vox. Vox Media Inc. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
- Larison, Daniel. "How Paleo and Fusionist Conservatism Differ". American Conservative Union Foundation. Archived from the original on February 5, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- Judis, John B. (October 3, 1999). "The Buchanan Doctrine". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- Fleming, Thomas (September 8, 2005). "Ethics 01A.1: Gay Marriage, Democracy". Chronicles. Rockford, Illinois: Rockford Institute. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2006.
- Bradford, M. E. (1990). The Reactionary Imperative: Essays Literary and Political. Peru, Illinois: Sherwood Sugden. p. 129. Quoted in Murphy 2001, p. 233.
- Bradford, M. E. (1990). The Reactionary Imperative: Essays Literary and Political. Peru, Illinois: Sherwood Sugden. pp. 119, 121. Quoted in Murphy 2001, p. 233.
- Pat Buchanan Responds To Lenora Fulani's Resignation – Buchanan Campaign Press Releases – theinternetbrigade – Official Web Site Archived October 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- Murphy 2001, p. 218.
- Hague, Euan; Beirich, Heidi; Sebesta, Edward H. (2009). Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction. University of Texas Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 9780292779211. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
- CQ Researcher (2018). Issues for Debate in American Public Policy: Selections from CQ Researcher. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5443-0395-6.
One such group, called "paleoconservatives," was the early political home of Spencer.
- Hawley 2017; Newman & Giardina 2011, p. 50.
- Clark 2016, p. 77; Dueck 2010, p. 258; Hawley 2017; Newman & Giardina 2011, p. 50.
- Ansell 1998, p. 34.
- Robertson, Derek. "The Canadian Psychologist Beating American Pundits at Their Own Game". Politico. Capitol News Company. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- Newman & Giardina 2011, p. 50; Wilson 2017.
- Dueck 2010, p. 258.
- "'Paleoconservatives' Decry Immigration". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
- Continetti, Matthew (June 1, 2019). "Making Sense of the New American Right". National Review. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
- "Re: Paleocons On Immigration". National Review. March 19, 2003.
- Matthews, Dylan (May 6, 2016). "Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
- "Re: Citing Threat, Student Withdraws from BU After Attending Charlottesville Rally". USA Today. August 17, 2017. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
- Clark 2016, p. 77.
- Dueck 2010, p. 258; McDonald 2004, p. 216.
- "InfoWars' Alex Jones Stole Over 1,000 Articles From Kremlin-Backed Russia Today". The New York Observer. November 9, 2017.
- Dish, The Daily (February 18, 2008). "Family Besmirch Council". The Atlantic.
- Frum, David (March 25, 2003). "Unpatriotic Conservatives". National Review. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
- "The American Conservative Crackup". May 1, 2007.
- Nash 2006, p. 568; Newman & Giardina 2011, p. 50.
- "An intellectual history of Trumpism". Politico. December 12, 2016.
- Newman & Giardina 2011, p. 50.
- Matthews, Dylan (May 6, 2016). "Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
- Schneider 2009, p. 212.
- Clark 2016, p. 77; Hawley 2017; Schneider 2009, p. 170.
- "Why I Love Taki's Magazine". Charleston City Paper. May 30, 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
Bibliography
- Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (1998). Unraveling the Right: The New Conservatism in American Thought and Politics. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3146-1.
- Bradford, M. E. (1994) [1979]. A Better Guide than Reason: Federalists and Anti-Federalists. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-1601-4.
- Buchanan, Patrick J. (2006). State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and Conquest of America. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-37436-5.
- Burke, Edmund (1790). Reflections on the Revolution in France. London: J. Dodlsey. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- Clark, Barry (2016). Political Economy: A Comparative Approach (3rd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-4326-6.
- Dueck, Colin (2010). Hard Line: The Republican Party and U.S. Foreign Policy Since World War II. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14182-4.
- Edwards, Lee (2003). Educating for Liberty: The First Half-Century of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-093-2.
- Francis, Samuel T. (1994). Beautiful Losers: Essays on the Failure of American Conservatism. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826209764. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- Foley, Michael (2007). American Credo: The Place of Ideas in US Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Gottfried, Paul (1993) [1988]. The Conservative Movement (rev. ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-9749-7.
- ——— (1999). After Liberalism: Mass Democracy in the Managerial State. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (published 2001). ISBN 978-1-4008-2289-8.
- ——— (2006). "Paleoconservatism". In Frohnen, Bruce; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey O. (eds.). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Wilmington, Delaware: ISI Books. pp. 651–652. ISBN 978-1-61017-103-8.
- Gottfried, Paul; Fleming, Thomas (1988). The Conservative Movement. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-9723-7.
- Hawley, George (2017). Making Sense of the Alt-Right. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54600-3.
- Hitchens, Peter (1999). The Abolition of Britain: From Lady Chatterley to Tony Blair. London: Quartet Books.
- Kirk, Russell (1986). The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot (7th ed.). Washington: Regnery Publishing (published 2001). pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-89526-171-7.
- ——— (2014) [1972]. Eliot and His Age: T. S. Eliot's Moral Imagination in the Twentieth Century. Open Road Integrated Media. ISBN 978-1-4976-3573-9.
- Kopff, E. Christopher (2006). "Buchanan, Patrick J. (1938–)". In Frohnen, Bruce; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey O. (eds.). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Wilmington, Delaware: ISI Books. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-1-61017-103-8.
- Machnik, Barbara (2015). "Paleoconservatism and the Issue of Immigration and Multiculturalism". Ad Americam. 16: 29–40. doi:10.12797/AdAmericam.16.2014.16.03. ISSN 1896-9461. S2CID 151348946.
- McDonald, W. Wesley (1999). "Russell Kirk and the Prospects for Conservatism" (PDF). Humanitas. 12 (1): 56–76. ISSN 1066-7210. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
- ——— (2004). Russell Kirk and the Age of Ideology. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6258-5.
- Murphy, Paul V. (2001). The Rebuke of History: The Southern Agrarians and American Conservative Thought. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4960-6.
- Nash, George H. (2006). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Wilmington, Delaware: ISI Books. ISBN 978-1-933859-12-5.
- Newman, Joshua I.; Giardina, Michael D. (2011). Sport, Spectacle, and NASCAR Nation: Consumption and the Cultural Politics of Neoliberalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230338081. ISBN 978-0-230-33808-1.
- Raimondo, Justin (1993). Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement. Burlingame, California: Center for Libertarian Studies. ISBN 978-1-883959-00-5.
- Röpke, Wilhelm (1998). A Humane Economy: The Social Framework of the Free Market. Wilmington, Delaware: ISI Books.
- Russello, Gerald J. (2004). "Russell Kirk and Territorial Democracy". Publius. 34 (4): 109–124. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a005044. ISSN 1747-7107. JSTOR 20184928.
- Ryn, Claes G. (1998). "Defining Historicism". Humanitas. 11 (2): 86–101. ISSN 1066-7210. Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- Schneider, Gregory L. (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4285-3.
- Scotchie, Joseph (2004) [2002]. Revolt from the Heartland: The Struggle for an Authentic Conservatism. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3324-0.
- ——— (2017) [1999]. "Introduction: Paleoconservatism as the Opposition Party". In Scotchie, Joseph (ed.). The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right. London: Routledge. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-1-351-47773-4.
- Watson, George (1985). The Idea of Liberalism: Studies for a New Map of Politics. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-38754-2.
- Williamson, Chilton (2004). The Conservative Bookshelf: Essential Works That Impact Today's Conservative Thinkers. ISBN 9780806525372.
- Wilson, Clyde (2017) [1999]. "Restoring the Republic". In Scotchie, Joseph (ed.). The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right. London: Routledge. pp. 179–188. ISBN 978-1-351-47773-4.
- Woltermann, Chris (1993). "What Is Paleoconservatism?". Telos. 1993 (97): 9–20. doi:10.3817/0993097009. ISSN 1940-459X. S2CID 147206456.
External links
- Paleoconservatism at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Media related to Paleoconservatism at Wikimedia Commons
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