Palu, Elazığ

Its Greek name was Romanopolis.[5] The name "Shebeteria", found in the Urartian inscription at the Palu citadel, may be Palu's ancient name.[6]^: 123[7]^: 343 The Urartian city called "Palua" has also been identified with Palu.[6]^: 123 König and Burney also identified Palu with the "Uashtal" mentioned in Urartian sources, but according to R.D. Barnett this is unlikely.[7]^: 335 James Howard-Johnston identifies Palu with the "Palios" mentioned by the 7th-century geographer George of Cyprus.[8]^: 239

Palu is located on the north side of the Murat Su, at the lower end of a treeless plain bisected by a low line of hills.[9]^{: 116–7, 120} The Palu plain has fertile soil and is today covered in farmland.[9]^: 117 To the northeast is the stony Karakoçan plain.[9]^: 117

Palu's old citadel

The story of Palu begins at the old site now called Eski Palu, just east of the modern town.[9]^{: 117, 120} This site was inhabited continuously for over 2,500 years, from ancient Urartian times until the early 20th century, when the town was relocated to the modern site.[9]^: 120 Palu's old town was built on a promontory above a U-shaped bend in the Murat Su.[9]^: 117 Looming above the town center to the north was the imposing castle rock.[9]^: 117 From this height, defenders would have had a commanding view of the entire Palu plain - from the town below, the low hills running through the middle of the plain would block your vision, but from the castle rock you could see over them to the far side of the plain.[9]^: 117

Since Urartian times, if not earlier, the castle rock at Eski Palu has been the site of a fortress.[9]^{: 120, 134} Most traces of the Urartian fortress have been wiped out by later occupation.[10]^: 58 One important remnant is an inscribed stele describing the Urartian king Menua's conquest of a region called Shebeteria - possibly an ancient name for Palu.[7]^{: 335, 343}[6]^: 123 Menua established a temple to Ḫaldi at Shebeteria afterwards.[7]^: 335

Ancient Palu's population was likely culturally Urartian instead of just Urartian-ruled; there may have also been an Aramaic-speaking minority.[9]^: 134 Three rock-cut tombs on the northwest side of the citadel suggest the presence of a rich upper class here.[10]^: 58 There were important iron ore deposits in the Palu region, which together with copper deposits near Ergani may have been a strategic objective in the conflict between Urartu and Assyria.[6]^: 122–3

In classical times, Palu was the capital of the Armenian district of Balabitene, or Balahovit.[9]^: 140 This consisted of the Palu plain and was a rich and fertile, if small, district.[9]^: 140 The neighboring district of Paghnatun, based at Bağın, was probably politically subordinate to Balahovit.[9]^: 140

During the middle ages, Palu was a flourishing market town with a mixed Armenian and Syriac population.[9]^: 146 It was far enough from major conflict zones that agriculture and animal husbandry were able to continue unimpeded.[9]^: 146 Under Arab rule, Palu held strategic importance because it controlled a route to Erzurum.[9]^: 146 Later, Palu formed part of the Artukid emirate of Harput; along with Kiğı, it was one of the main towns in the eastern part of the emirate.[9]^: 146

Palu was the site of an Akkoyunlu fortress in the late 15th century, which was captured by Hüseyin Bey, a Mirdâsîd lord from the Principality of Eğil.[11] He established the Emirate of Palu, which existed from 1495 to 1845.[12] The town had a significant Armenian population until the Armenian genocide in 1915.[13]

The citadel at Palu was abandoned sometime in the 17th century, although the town continued.[9]^: 120 The old site of Eski Palu was eventually abandoned either during the First World War or shortly thereafter, and the town was relocated to its present site.[9]^: 120

The city was briefly captured on 21 February 1925 by the forces of Sheikh Said during his rebellion.[14]

At the beginning of the 19th century, the kaza had 100,000 inhabitants: 60–70% Armenians, the rest Kurds and Turks. According to the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, 15,753 Armenians lived in the kaza on the eve of the First World War, with 38 churches, two monasteries and 26 schools.[5] The town of Balu had a mixed population of Armenians, Turks, Kurds, Syriacs, and Greeks with about 6,000 inhabitants in 1830-1850 and 10,000 in 1914. Half of the population was Armenian.[5]

Remains at Eski Palu

Remains of the hammam at Eski Palu

The Cemşid Bey mosque

The fortress built on top of the castle rock consists of four walled enclosures, each one enclosing a distinct part of the mountain.[9]^: 120 The outer enclosure occupies the relatively gentle western slope of the castle rock.[9]^: 120 Above it is the main enclosure.[9]^: 120 Inside it, at the very highest point of the citadel, is the top enclosure.[9]^: 120 A fourth enclosure fortifies long rocky outcropping that juts out from the castle rock's west side.[9]^: 120

The surviving masonry walls and towers all seem to date from the late middle ages.[9]^: 121 The Urartian inscription of Menua is located on the north side of the outer enclosure, just below a cliff that goes all the way up to the top enclosure.[9]^: 120 Nearby are a series of rock-cut chambers which, according to local tradition, were the place where Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet.[9]^: 120 A large Christian church is located on the east side of the main enclosure; it was built in the early 1800s.[9]^: 122

The Ulu Cami, or congregational mosque, is a simple structure with a long, low profile.[9]^: 121 The current structure is from the 15th or 16th century, replacing an earlier mosque built under the Artukids.[9]^: 121 There have since been significant changes to the Ulu Cami since then: for example, its minaret was built in 1660/61, and an outer courtyard was added in the early 20th century.[9]^: 121 The mihrab is dated to 1750/51, and the original wooden minbar still exists, although the wooden gallery has decayed and partly broken down.[9]^: 121 The aptly-named Küçük Cami, or "small mosque", is a 10x10 m square with thick walls.[9]^: 122 Its dome has since collapsed.[9]^: 122

The large hammam, or bathhouse, dates from 1659/60 and is well-preserved.[9]^: 122 From west to east, it had a large changing room, a cold room, and then a hot room.[9]^: 122 The mosque and türbe of Cemşid Bey, said to have been a cavalry officer under Selim I, is located further north and is still in use as a village mosque.[9]^: 124–5 The mosque appears to have been built before the türbe, so Cemşid's role in their construction is unclear.[9]^: 125 Two other old mosques exist in this northern area: the Alacalı Mescit, which was built in either the 16th or early 17th century, and the Merkez Cami, or "central mosque", which was built in 1874.[9]^: 124

• Katherine Magarian[16]
• Selahattin Demirtaş[17]
• Sheikh Said[14]